Applied Mathematics II for Pre-Science

Math 1102

Prepared by:

Dr. Abdisa Shiferaw

August 29, 2023
ASTU, Ethiopia

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 Course Outline
Chapter 1: Inverse Function
1.1 Introduction to inverse function
1.2 Domain and range of inverse functions
1.3 Existence of inverse functions
1.4 Method of finding Inverses
1.5 Inverse of logarithmic and exponential functions
1.6 Graphs of inverse functions
1.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1.8 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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Cont…
Chapter 2: Derivative of Inverse Function
2.1 Differentiability of inverse functions
2.2 Implicit differentiation
2.3 Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions
2.4 Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions
2.5 Hyperbolic Functions and their Derivatives.
2.6 Invers Hyperbolic Functions and their Derivatives.

Chapter 3: Integration
3.1 Techniques of integration: by substitutions, integration by parts and partial
fractions
3.2 Trigonometric integrals
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Cont…
3.2 Trigonometric substitutions
3.3 Numerical integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule
3.4 Applications: Surface area and Volume
Chapter 4: Sequence and Series
4.1. Definition of Infinite sequence
4.2. Convergence and divergence properties of series
4.3. Nonnegative term series and tests of convergence (integral, Comparison, Ratio
and Root test)
4.4 Alternating series and alternating series test
4.5 Absolute and conditional convergence
4.6 Generalized convergence Test

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Cont…
Chapter 5: Power Series
5.1 Definition of power series at any point
5.2 Convergence and divergence, radius and interval of convergence of power
series
5.3 Algebraic operation on convergent power series
5.4 Differentiation and integration of power series
5.5 Taylor series, Taylor polynomial and application

Text book: Robert Ellis and Denny Gulick, Calculus with analytic geometry,
6thed, H Brace Jovanovich, publishers.
References:
1. Howard Anton, Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications 9th edition.

2. Howard Anton, Calculus with Analytic Function, 5th edition.

3. James Stewart, Calculus Early
Transcendental, 6th edition.
4. George B Thomas, Calculus, 12th edition
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 Assessment Methods
N Continuous Chapter Percentage
o Assessment
1 Quiz Any 5%

2 Assignment 1 1, 2, 3 10%

3 Mid-Exam 1, 2, 3 25%

4 Assignment 2 4, 5 10%

5 Final-Exam 1-5 50%

Total 100%

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 Chapter 1: Inverse Function
1.1 Introduction to Inverse function
Definition:
 Function: A function is rule that assigns in a domain A exactly one element in a range B.
 A function can be one-to-one, many-to-one, but not one-to-many.
 Vertical Line Test: No vertical line through the xy-plane cuts the graph 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥) more than
once.
Example: is a function, is not a function.

One-to-one function: A function is one-to-one
if whenever

Horizontal Line Test: If the graph of a function is such that no
horizontal line intersects the graph in more than one point.

y=
is function is not function
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Definition: Let be 1-1 function with domain A and range B. Then its inverse has domain
B and range A such that iff for any
Property:
i)
ii) for x in domain of
iii) for y in range of

1.2 Domain and range of Inverse functions

 Domain of ange of
 Range of =Domain of

Example: Find domain and range of if

a) b) c)

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 Cont…
Solution: a) , b) , ℝ c)

1.3 Existence of Inverse function

Definition: If is 1-1 function with a domain A and range B, then has a unique inverse with
domain B and range A such that
and =y,
where x is in A and y is in B.
Example: 1) Is the inverse of
2) Is the inverse of
Solution: 1) yes b) No (Justify!)
Theorem: Every increasing function or every decreasing function has an
inverse.
 Note that if is an increasing function, then and if is decreasing, then

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Example: Check whether inverse function exists for ; if so in which interval?
a) c)
b) d)
Solution: a) for all x.
 is an increasing function, exists for the interval .
b) for and for .
1.4 Method of finding Inverses
 To find the inverse function
1. Write
2. Solve for x in terms of y.
3. Write (y) for x in step 2.
Example: Find the inverse function of the following functions and also compute (4)
a) b) c) ; (odd)

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Solution: a) iff .
Therefore, and

1.5 Inverse of Logarithmic and Exponential functions

Definition: A function of the form , where base and 𝑏≠1, is called exponential
function.
1) Domain of = and range of =.
2) is increasing for and decreasing for .

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Definition: Exponential function has inverse function which is logarithmic function, with
domain and range .
Example: Find the inverse function and corresponding domain and range of if
a) b)
c) d)
Solution: a) with domain= and range=.
b) with domain=and range=.
c) with domain=and range=.
d) with domain=and range=.

1.6 Graphs of Inverse function

Definition: The graph of is obtained by reflecting the graph of about the line

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Example: Sketch the graph of and its inverse function

a) b) c) on or
d)

a) b)

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 Cont…
c) Case

y  x2
y=x
4
y  x
2

 Case , Do it as homework! x
   

d)

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 Cont…
1.7 Inverse of Trigonometric functions
 They compute the arc length of a sector on the unit circle

 They are not 1-1 functions on their entire domain.

 Restriction on the domain is necessary to create an inverse function for each Trigonometric function.

1) with domain [-1, 1] and range .

2) with domain [-1, 1] and range .
3) with domain (-, and range .
4) with domain (-, and range .
5) with domain and range ,
6) with domain and range ,

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Example: 1) Evaluate (or simplify) the expression
a) b) c)
Solution: a) Let , then
but .
 Therefore, .

b) Let , then (Use Pythagorean Theorem)

 Therefore, .

c) Answer: (Justify!)

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2) Show that a) b)
Solution: a) Let , then .

 Therefore, .

1.8 Inverse of Hyperbolic functions

Definition (Hyperbolic functions)
1) 4) cot
2) cos 5) sec
3) tan 6) csc

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Definition (Inverse of Hyperbolic functions)
 The inverses of the Hyperbolic functions are the area of hyperbolic functions.
 They compute the area of a sector of the unit hyperbolic

1) with domain
2) with domain
3) with domain
4) with domain
5) with domain
6) with domain

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 Cont…
To show! 1) :
 Let .
 Then iff
 By quadratic formula, ;
 Hence,
To show! 5) :
 Let .
 Then iff
 By quadratic formula, ;
 Hence,

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 Chapter-Two: Derivative of Inverse Functions
2.1 Differentiability of Inverse functions
Definition (Derivative of f -1):
 If is a function with inverse function , then

To show!
 We have
 Take derivative on both sides:

(By Chain Rule)

Example: Find the derivative of inverse function if

a) b)

Solution: a) and

 Therefore,

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2.2 Implicit Differentiability
 Suppose is a differentiable function of and given equation with implicitly in
term of .
 Take the derivative with respect to on both sides of the given equation, then
solve for implicit derivative, .

Example: 1) Let Then use implicit differentiation to find

a) b)
Solution: a) b)
2) Find a point in the first quadrant that is on the graph of and has the property
that the tangent line at is horizontal.
Solution: iff =.
 Slope of horizontal line is 0, thus =
 Then and substitute it into
 Therefore, , .
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 Cont…
2.3 Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential functions
Definition: Let and let be a differentiable function of . Then

1) 4)

2) 5)

3)

Example: Find if
a) b) c) d)
Solution: a)
b) Do it!
c)
d) ; Hint:

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 Cont…

2.4 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric functions

Definition (Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric functions)
1) 4)
2) 5)
3) 6)
To show!
1) .
 Let , then
 We have the expression,

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 Cont…
 Then ) (Taking derivative on both sides)
 Thus,
Similarly, you can show the rest ones!
Example: Find if a)
b)
Solution: a)
b) Do it!
2.5 Hyperbolic Functions and their Derivatives
Hyperbolic Identities:
1)
2)
3)

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Definition (Derivatives of Hyperbolic functions)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
To show! 1)
2)
Example: Find if a) b)
Solution:
a) b)

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 Cont…

2.6 Derives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Definition:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
To show!
1) We have,
 Then

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 Cont…
Example: Find if
a)
b)
Solution:
a) because
b)

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 Chapter-Three: Integration
Definition (Indefinite integral):
 Let has anti derivative on an interval I. The collection of anti derivatives of is
called the indefinite integral of on I.
i.e.,
Example: ,
where is anti derivative of
3.1 Techniques of Integral: by Substitutions, by Parts and
Partial fractions
I) Integration by Substitution
Definition: Let and be functions, with and continuous. If is anti derivative of ,
then

where, substitute for and for ….Derived by chain-rule

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Example: Evaluate the following integrals
a) b) c)
d) e)
Solution: a) Let , then
 By substitution: .
 Therefore,

b) Let , then
 By substitution:
 Therefore,

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c) Let , then
 By substitution: .
 Therefore,

d) Do it as homework!
e) Let , then and .
 By substitution:
.

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 Cont…
II) Integration by Parts
Definition: To perform the integral we pick a function and (x) such that the
product is equal to the given integrand.
i.e., …Derived by derivative by product rule.
Example: Evaluate a) b)
c) d)
Solution: a) Let , then , .
 By part: =
=
b) Let , then , .
 By part: .
 But, let , then , and then , by part again.
 Hence,

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 Cont…
c) Do it as homework!
d) Let , then
 By substitution: .
 Let , then ,
 By part:
 Hence,
 Reduction formula for is:

dx.
It is derived by part, hint: let .
 Reduction formula for is:

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III) Integration by Partial fractions
 To break down rational function into simpler parts which is called partial

fraction decomposition (PFD).

 To find PFD

i) Factor the denominator

ii) Find the form of the PFD:
a) For each factorable term , the PFD has terms
.
b) For each non-factorable term , the PFD has terms
.

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iii) Solve for the coefficients: and the constants:
iv) Evaluate the integral of PDF.
Example: Evaluate
a) b) c)
Solution: a) To find PFD:
 iff and
 iff ,
 Therefore,

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b) PFD:
 iff ,
 Thus,


c)
 Do it as homework!

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3.2 Trigonometric Integral
I) Integral of the form
1) When is odd and is even:
i) Factor out
Ii) Write the rest of the integrand in terms of , using Pythagorean identity

iii) Substitute , so that

Example: Find
Solution:

, let

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2) When is even and is odd:
i) Factor out sin
Ii) Write the rest of the integrand in terms of cos, using Pythagorean identity

iii) Substitute , so that

Example: Find
Solution:

, let

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3) When and are both even:

 In this case, evaluation of is more complicated.
 The following three Trigonometric identities help reduce the exponents
and

Example: Find
Solution:

, let and

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 Cont…
4) When and are both odd:
We follow the same general procedures as case 1 or case 2
Example: Find a) b)
II) Integral of the form
1) When is even and is odd:
i) Factor out
Ii) Write the rest of the integrand in terms of , using Pythagorean identity

iii) Substitute , so that

Example: Find
Solution:
, let ,

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2) When and are both odd:
i) Factor out
Ii) Write the rest of the integrand in terms of , using Pythagorean identity

iii) Substitute , so that

Example: Find
Solution:
, let ,

III) Integral of the form

Since , the same techniques allow us to find integral of the form when is even
and is odd or when and are both odd

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 Cont…
3.3 Trigonometric Substitutions
Definition: , by substitution: so that
I) Integrals containing : [Use or ]
 By substitution: for and

Example: Find a) b)
Solution: a) ,
let ,

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b), let

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II) Integrals containing : [Use or ]
 By substitution: for and

Example: Find
Soln:, let ,

, let ,
 Therefore,

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III) Integrals containing : [Use or ]
 By substitution: for and

Example: Find
Soln:
, let ,

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Iv) Integrals containing

 By completing the square in by we can express in terms of , or
 Then a Trigonometric substitution eliminates the square root as before.

Example: Find
Solution:
 , let ,

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 Cont…

3.4 Numerical Integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule

 To approximate integral value we take a partition that divides into

subintervals of equal length

Trapezoidal rule:

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Simpson’s rule:

 Note that Simpson’s rule estimates more accurate than Trapezoidal rule.

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Example: Use a) Trapezoidal rule and b) Simpson’s rule with to compute

approximate value of .
Solution: a)

b)

NB.

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 Cont…

3.5 Applications of Integration: Surface Area and Volume

Surface Area
 A higher-dimensional version of the length of a curve is the area of a surface.
 Surface area of a cube of side is given by
 Surface area of a cylinder of radius and height is given by

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Definition (Surface Area): Let be nonnegative and continuously differentiable on

The area of the surface obtained by revolving the graph of about the x axis is
defined by

Example: Let for . Find the area of the surface obtained by revolving the graph
of about the x axis (See Figure).
Solution:

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 Cont…
Volume
 There are different methods/formulas that enable us to find the volumes of
solid regions (spheres, cylinders, pyramids, cones, etc.) in space:
1) Cross-Sectional Method 3) Washer Method
2) Disc Method 4) Shell Method
The Cross-Sectional Method
Definition: Suppose a solid region has cross-sectional area for where is
continuous on Then the volume of is defined by

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Example: Find the volume of the solid in Figure, whose cross section at x is
semicircular with radius , for .
Solution: Recall that the area of a semicircular region with radius is .
 Thus the cross-sectional area at is given by

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Disc Method
Definition: When the graph of a continuous, nonnegative function on an interval
is revolved about the x axis, it generates a solid region having circular cross
sections, are circular discs (See Figure). Since the radius of the cross section at is
it follows that .
Then the volume of is defined by

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Example: Find the volume of a sphere of radius .

Solution: A sphere is generated by revolving a semicircle about its diameter (See
Figure).
 Let for
 Then the volume of sphere is defined by

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Example: Find the volume of a sphere of radius .

Solution: A sphere is generated by revolving a semicircle about its diameter (See
Figure). Let for Then the volume of sphere is defined by

The Washer Method

Definition: Let andbe functions such that for . Then the volume of the solid
generated by revolving the region between the graphs of and on is given by

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The Shell Method

Definition: Let andbe continuous on , with and such that for . Formula for
volume:

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Example: Let be the region between the graphs of the equations and on Find the
volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x axis (See Figure) by
a) the washer method
b) the shell method

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 Cont…

Solution:
a) For the washer method we integrate with respect to

b) For the shell method we integrate with respect to We obtain the equations and
such that for .

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 Chapter-Four: Sequences and Series
An endless sequence of railroad ties.

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 Cont…

4.1 Definition of Infinite Sequence

Definition: A sequence is a function whose domain is the collection of all
integers greater than or equal to a given integer m (usually 0 or 1).
 It is denoted by

Example:
a)
b)
c)
 There are common types of sequences:
1) Arithmetic sequence
, with common difference for

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 Cont…

2) Geometric sequence
, with common ratio r for
Example: Find a formula for the general term of the following sequence
a) (Arithmetic sequence, )
b) (Geometric sequence, )
c)
d)
e) for and
(Fibonacci sequence)
Convergent Sequences
Definition: If exists and equal to a number L, then converges.
Otherwise, it is divergent.

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Example:
a) as
 Therefore, converges
b)
 Hence, and diverges
c) imply that and converges
d) does not imply (Counter example: , )
Convergence properties of sequence: Suppose that the sequences and are
convergent. Then
i) iii)
ii) =c iv)

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v) ;
vi) ;
Example: Find the limit of the following sequence if it converges
a) g)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

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Solution: a)
b)
c) …By L’Hopital’s rule
d) …By L’Hopital’s rule
e) …By rationalization
f)
g)

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 Note that the geometric sequence

is convergent for or and is divergent for
 Because
Squeezing Theorem: If is any sequence such that and , then converges and .
Example: Evaluate a) b) c)
Solution: a) We have, and

 Thus,

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b) We have,

 Thus,
Bounded sequence: A sequence is bounded if such that for every
 Otherwise, it is unbounded.
Note that:
1) Any convergent sequence is bounded.
2) Bounded sequence may not convergent. e.g. is bounded, is not convergent
3) Unbounded sequence is divergent.
Definition: A sequence is increasing if (or ) and is decreasing if (or ).
 A sequence which is either increasing or decreasing is called monotone.

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Example:
a) is increasing sequence because for
b) is decreasing sequence
c) is not monotone sequence
Subsequence: Let be a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers. Then the
sequence is called subsequence of a given sequence
 If a given sequence is convergent, then its subsequence is convergent.
Example: and are subsequences of a given sequence
Note that:
A bounded monotone sequence is convergent.

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 Cont…

Example: Let be the sequence defined by and for all Show that is convergent
and find .
Solution: WTS: =bounded + monotone
To show is bounded:

 If , then
 By mathematical induction we conclude that is bounded
To show is monotone:
 . It is true for
 Assume that it is true for then we need to show it is for
 iff
 Thus, and is convergent.
 Let as then and iff

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 Cont…

4.2 Convergence and divergence properties of series

Definition: An infinite series is an expression of the form
, where is an infinite sequence.
Example: Some common series are:
a) (Geometric series)
b) (Telescoping series)
c) (Harmonic series)
d) (Arithmetic series)
Definition (Convergent and -partial sum of series): Let be the -partial sum of a
given series .
 If converges and its limit exists, then the series converges and its sum .
 Otherwise, the series diverges and has no sum.

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Example: Determine whether the following series is convergent or not

a) c)
b) d) e)
Solution:
a) Let be the -partial sum of . If and , then .
 Then the -partial sum is: ;
 Case i: ,
 Thus, Geometric series converges for and its sum
 Case ii: ,
 Therefore, Geometric series divergs for and has no sum

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b) The -partial sum is:

as
 Therefore, the telescoping series converges and its sum
c) The -partial sum is:

 Since then the series diverges

d)
as

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 Hence, the series converges and its sum
e) as
 Therefore, the series diverges.
Remark: If is the -partial sum of the series then the -term for
Example: If the -partial sum of a series is , then find
a) -term b) series c) sum of
Solution:
a) for
b)
c) sum

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Theorem: If the series is convergent, then But, the converse is not true.
Example: but diverges.
Divergent Test: If or , then the series diverges.
Example: , , and are divergent series (Justify them by Divergent Test).
Combination of series: If and converge, then
a) converges and
b) converges and
Example: Show that the following series is convergent and find its sum if it
converges.
a) b)

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Solution:
a)
as
 Hence, the given series converges and its sum.
b) as
 Hence, the given series converges and its sum.
Repeating decimal can be written as fraction. For example:

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4.3 Nonnegative term Series and Convergence Test

Definition: A series is nonnegative term series if for all .
Convergence Tests for nonnegative term series:
A) Integral Test
Suppose is continuous, positive, decreasing function on and let for .
i) If the integral converges, then the given series converges.
ii) If the integral diverges, then the series diverges.
Example: Test the following series for convergence or divergence
a) b) c) (p-series for )
Solution: a) Let
 is positive for all , because for all

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 is continuous on , because for every
 is decreasing for , because for
 By Integral Test:

 Hence, converges and the given series converges.

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b) Let
 is positive, continuous and decreasing function for all
 By Integral Test:
 Hence, diverges and the given series diverges.
c) Let
 is positive, continuous and decreasing function for all and (Justify!)
 By Integral Test: exists for and doesn't exist for .
 Therefore, the given p-series converges for and diverges for .

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