Course: BITS F112

Course Title: Technical Report

Writing

Date: 4/5/2022

BITS-Pilani Goa Campus

 What is citation?
• Citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in
the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the
references section

• This is the basic, pertinent information needed to find the full text of
a publication

• Citations vary in format, based on field of study and requirement of

particular publication

• Citation style –refers to the information necessary for a citation and

the ordering of the information

• References/Bibliography- list of citation appearing at the end of

 What is Citation
• Index
– An index is a list of words or phrases and associated pointers
('locators') to where useful information can be found in a
document

• Citation index
– It is a kind of bibliographic index, an index of citations that
allow researchers to find scholarly work cited in earlier
scholarly works.
– Web of Science
– Science Citation Index
– Social Science Citation Index
 Citation Styles
• MLA- based on the Modern language Association’s
format, and is commonly used in arts and
humanities

• APA- based on the format of American

Psychological Association, used commonly in social
and applied sciences

• Chicago- based on format published by University

of Chicago, used in history research
 What to look for Citation?
Books or Chapters: Periodical or Magazine Articles:
• Author: full name(s) of the • Author: full name(s) of the
author(s) or editor(s). author(s).
• Title: Full Title of the book • Title: Full Title of the Article.
and/or chapter of the book. • Title: Full Title of the
• Publication: City, State, Year Magazine or Journal.
(latest copyright date), and • Publication: Day Month, Year
name of the Publisher. (Magazine). Volume, Issue,
• Edition: if there is one listed. and year (Journal)
• Pages: if noted, referenced in • Pages: if noted, referenced in
the paper, or chapter of a the paper, or chapter of a
book. book.
 What to look for Citation?
Newspapers: Encyclopedias:
• Author: full name(s) of the • Author: full name(s) of the
author(s). author(s) if available.
• Title: Full Article Title • Title: Full Title of Entry.
• Title: Full title of the
• Title: Full Title of the
newspaper.
Encyclopedia or
• Publication: Day, Month,
Dictionary.
Year.
• Publication: Year (latest
• Edition: if there is one listed.
copyright date)
• Pages or section: if noted,
referenced in the paper, or • Edition: if there is one
chapter of a book. listed.
 What to look for Citation?
Websites:
• Author: full name(s) of the author(s) if available.
• Title: Full Title of the content.
• Name of Web page.
• Name of Organizational sponsor (not advertising
sponsor).
• Date published or updated.
• Date: Day, Month, Year you accessed.
• URL (complete) <http:// __ >
APA Style of Citation
APA Style of Citation
 Example
Reference details: Smith, T. (2020). The citation
Single author manual for students: A quick guide
2nd edition (2nd ed.). Wiley.

In Text Citation Parenthetical: (Smith, 2020)

Narrative: Smith (2020)
Reference and Bibliography
• APA Style of referencing
 APA Style of Citation and Referencing
• APA style uses the author/date method of
citation in which the author's last name and the
year of the publication are inserted in the actual
text of the paper.

• It is the style recommended by the American

Psychological Association and used in many of
the social sciences.
 Some basic rules for APA References
• All citations should be double spaced; Indent after the first line of each entry
• Alphabetize by the first word of the entry; entries are not numbered
• Editions of books are noted after the title in the following format: (2nd ed.) First editions are
not listed as such. If no edition is listed, omit the edition section
• Italics must be used for book and periodical titles
• Capitalize ONLY the first word of a title, the first word of a subtitle, and proper nouns in titles
of books and articles, no matter how they appear in a database or catalog
• Use the abbreviations p. or pp. only for multi-page newspaper articles, encyclopedia entries,
and chapters or articles in edited books; Do not use the abbreviation p. or pp. (or any other
abbreviation) for magazine and journal articles
• Dates are in Year, Month Day format (e.g., 1999, December 20)
• If no author is listed, begin with title
• Date is in parenthesis after the author's name (or title if no author is listed)
• Use (n.d.) if no date is given
• Personal Communication includes: private letters, memos, some electronic communication
(i.e. email or messages from nonarchival discussion groups), personal interviews, telephone
conversations, etc. These types of communication are not recoverable data and therefore
should not be included on the Reference page. Cite personal communications in text only
 Example
Author's Last Name, First Initial

(Year of Publication).
Title of article
Name of Journal

Hise, G. (1993). Home building and industrial

decentralization in Los Angeles. Journal of Urban
History, 19(6), 95-125

volume(issue) pages
Journal Article
 Journal Article
• Article without DOI or in print (for Two or
more authors, but up to 20 authors)
• Scroggins, W. A., Thomas, S .L., & Morris, J. A.
(2008). Psychological testing in
personnel selection, Part II: The refinement of
methods and standards in employee
selection. Public Personnel Management,
37(2), 185-199.
 Journal Article
• Article with DOI Two or more authors (up to
20 authors):
• Lachner, A., Backfisch, I., Hoogerheide, V., van
Gog, T., & Renkl, A. (2020). Timing
matters! Explaining between study phases
enhances students’ learning. Journal of
Educational Psychology, 112, 841–853.
https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000396
 Journal Article
• If an article has 21 authors or more, list the
first 19 authors, then insert an ellipsis (…) and
then the last name and first initials of the last
author.
– Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.,
Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., Johnson, A., Ito,
H., Ramirez, J., Jones, H., Anderson, P., Winkle,
S., Short, A., Bergen, W., Wentworth, J.,
Ramos, P., Woo, L., Martin, B., Josephs, M., …
Brown, Z. (2005). Study of the brain. Psychology
Journal 32(1), 1-15. doi:10.1037/1061-
4087.45.1.11
Newspaper and Magazine Articles
 Online Magazine Article

• Gander, K. (2020, April 29). COVID-19 vaccine

being developed in Australia raises
antibodies to neutralize virus in pre-clinical
tests. Newsweek.
https://www.newsweek.com/australia-
covid-19-vaccine-neutralize-virus-1500849
 Print Magazine Article

• Nicholl, K. (2020, May). A royal spark. Vanity

Fair, 62(5), 56–65, 100.
 Online Newspaper Article

• Roberts, S. (2020, April 9). Early string ties us

to Neanderthals. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/sci
ence/neanderthals-fiber-string-math.html
 Print Newspaper Article

• Reynolds, G. (2019, April 9). Different strokes

for athletic hearts. The New York Times,
D4.
 Referencing a book
• A Single Author

• Two Authors
– DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor psychology: Social
and organizational approaches. American
Psychological Association.
• More than two authored Book
– Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2018).
Mindful sport performance enhancement: Mental
training for athletes and coaches. American
Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000048-000

• Edited Book
– Rhodewalt, F. (Ed.). (2008). Personality and social
behavior. Psychology Press.
 Edited Book Chapter
• Zeleke, W. A., Hughes, T. L., & Drozda, N.
(2020). Home–school collaboration to
promote mind–body health. In C. Maykel &
M. A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body
health in schools: Interventions for mental
health professionals (pp. 11–26). American
Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000157-002
 Report by a Corporate of Group Author

• World Health Organization. (2014).

Comprehensive implementation plan on
maternal, infant and young child nutrition.
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10
665/113048/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.1_eng.pdf?
ua=1
 Ebooks
• With a doi
– Gillam, T. (2018). Creativity, wellbeing and mental health
practice. Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-
319-74884-9

• Without a doi (Cite the same as a print book)

– Lauwers, J., Opsomer, J. & Schwall, H. (Eds.). (2018).
Psychology and the classics: a dialogue of disciplines. De
Gruyter.

• From a website:
– Sanger, M. (2000). Woman and the new race.
Bartleby.com. http://www.bartleby.com/1013/ (Original
 Report by Individual Authors
• Winthrop, R., Ziegler, L., Handa, R., & Fakoya,
F. (2019). How playful learning can help
leapfrog progress in education. Center
for Universal Education at Brookings.
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2019/04/how_playful_le
arning_can_help_leapfrog_progress_in_ed
ucation.pdf
 Press Release
• American Psychological Association. (2020,
March 2). APA reaffirms psychologists’ role in
combating climate change [Press
release].
https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases
/2020/03/combating-climate-change
 Example
Reference details: Smith, T. (2020). The citation
Single author manual for students: A quick guide
2nd edition (2nd ed.). Wiley.

In Text Citation Parenthetical: (Smith, 2020)

Narrative: Smith (2020)
 Dissertation From a Database
• Horvath-Plyman, M. (2018). Social media and the
college student journey: An examination of how
social media use impacts social capital and
affects college choice, access, and transition
(Publication No. 10937367). [Doctoral
dissertation, New York University]. ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses Global.
 Preprint Article
• Latimier, A., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2020). A
meta-analytic review of the benefit of
spacing out retrieval practice episodes on
retention. PsyArXiv.
https://psyarxiv.com/kzy7u/
 Web sites
•

• Organization name as author (Group author):

– National Institutes of Mental Health. (2015, May). Anxiety
disorders. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-
disorders/index.s

• No author, no date:
– What is psychology? (n.d). BestPsychologyDegrees.com.
https://www.bestpsychologydegrees.com/what-
ispsychology/
 Webpage With a Retrieval Date
• Center for Systems Science and Engineering.
(2020, May 6). COVID-19 dashboard by
the Center for Systems Science and
Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins
University (JHU). Johns Hopkins
University & Medicine, Coronavirus
Resource Center. Retrieved May 6, 2020, from
https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
• Blog posts:

– Selingo, J. (2014, June 22). Reimagining the undergraduate

experience: 4 provocative ideas. Next.
http://chronicle.com/blogs/next/2014/06/22/reimagining-th
e-undergraduate-experience-4
provocative- ideas/

– Rutledge, P. (2019, March 11). The upside of social media.

The Media Psychology Blog.
https://www.pamelarutledge.com/2019/03/11/the-
upside-of-social-media
 Film or Video
• Docter, P., & Del Carmen, R. (Directors).
(2015). Inside out [Film]. Walt Disney
Pictures; Pixar Animation Studios.
 YouTube Video
• Above The Noise. (2017, October 18). Can
procrastination be a good thing? [Video].
YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQMwmB
NNOnQ
Abbreviation
 et al.
• et al.
– It is a scholarly abbreviation of the Latin phrase et
alia, which means “and others.”

– It is used in citation to mention more than five

authors

•
42
 Ibid.
• ibid. (in the same source)
– It used to save space in textual references to a quoted work which has been
mentioned in a previous reference )

– It is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning "in the same place",

– It is used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference

to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item.

– “ibid." not be italicized

• a

43
ibid.

44
Ibid.

45
ibid.

46