DATA COMMUNICATION AND

COMPUTER NETWORKS
INTRODUCTION
Data Comn
• Data comn are the exchange of data b/w two devices
via some form of txn medium such as wire cable.
• These comn devices must be part of a comn sys
(combination of HW & SW)
• Effectiveness of data comn depends upon
– Delivery
– Accuracy
– Timeliness
– Jitter

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A Communication Model
• Source
– Generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
– Carries data
• Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
• Destination
– Takes incoming data

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Communication Model Diagram

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Components
• Message
• Sender
• Receiver
• Txn Media
• Protocol

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Components

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Data Flow
• Simplex
• Half - Duplex
• Full - Duplex

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Data Flow (Transmission)

data flows move in one direction only, (radio or

cable television broadcasts)

data flows both ways, but only one direction at

a time (e.g., CB radio) (requires control info)

data flows in both directions at

the same time

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NETWORKS

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Networks
• A network is a set of devices(referred as
nodes) connected by comn ch.
• Node can be any device capable of sending/
receiving data generated by other nodes on
the network.

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What is a Distributed System?
• Distributed System is a collection of
independent computers that appear to its
users as a single coherent system
– Existence of multiple autonomous computers is
transparent
– It is like a virtual uniprocessor
– Implemented in SW and build over computer
networks

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Network Criteria
• Performance
– Throughput (High)
– Delay (Low)
• Reliability
• Security

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Networking Reqmt
• Info Exchange
• Resource Sharing
• Robustness
• Load Balancing
• Location Independence
• Productivity

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Classification of Networks
• Based on transmission technology
– Broadcast networks
– Pt-to-Pt networks
– Topology based
• Based on scale
– Personal Area Networks (PAN)
– Local Area Networks (LAN)
– Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
– Wide Area Networks (WAN)

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 Broadcast Networks
• Single comn channel shared by all cmptrs
• Packets send by one cmptr received by all others.
• Address in packet- specifies for whom intended.
• Packet can also be addressed to all cmptrs (broadcast)
or a gp of cmptrs(Multicasting)
• Smaller networks – broadcast
• Eg – Ethernet(802.3),IBM Token Ring(802.5)

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 Point To Point Networks
• Many connections between indl pairs of cmptrs.
• Packets visit one or more intermediate machines.
• Multiple routes .
• Routing algorithm – To determine the best route
• Also called as unicasting
• Larger networks – pt to pt
• Eg. WAN

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 Classification of Networks Based on
Geographical Area

• LAN

• WAN

• MAN

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Classification of Networks Based on Geographical Area

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LOCAL AREA NETWORK

• A local area network (LAN) is a number of

computers connected to each other by
cable in a single location by a common
medium i.e switch, hub and etc, usually a
single floor of a building or all the
computers in a small company within the
geographical area. 19
 Local Area Networks(LAN)
• Within same building/ campus - upto a few kms.
• Speed 4/16/10/100/1000 Mbps.
• Normally broadcast type
• Topology (bus,ring, star)
• Restricted in size- worst case txn time is bounded and
known in advance.eg 10 Mbps Ethernet LAN(10
BaseT) has max dia of 500m
• Simple network management
• Eg- Ethernet(802.3),IBM Token Ring(802.5),Wi-
Fi(802.11,Wireless LAN) 20
LAN Topologies
Tree

Bus

Star

Hybrid
Mesh
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Characteristics of LAN
• Operates within the limited geographical area.
• Allow access through high bandwidth up to 1000
mbps.
• Controls the network under local administration
• Provides the full time connectivity to local system.
• Connects physical adjacent devices.

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 Metropolitan Area Networks(MAN)
• Bigger version of LAN.
• Uses similar technology as LAN.
• Can cover a city.
• Eg- Wi-Max(802.16,Wireless MAN)

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WIDE AREA NETWORK
• While local area networks are perfect for sharing resources
within a building or campus, they cannot be used to connect
distant sites.
• Wide area networks (WANs) fill this need. Stated simply, wide
area networks are the set of connecting links between local
area networks.
• These links are made over telephone lines leased from the
various telephone companies. In rare instances, WANs can be
created with satellite links, packet radio, or microwave
transceivers.
• These options are generally far more expensive than leased
telephone lines, but they can operate in areas where leased
lines are not available. 24
WIDE AREA NETWORK
A wide area network links computers in different
locations.

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New Delhi

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Secunderabad
CHARACTERISTICS OF WAN
• Operates over a large geographical area.

• Allow access over serial interface

• Works at a local speed 2mbps is maximum speed

in internet.
• Connects devices separates wide even global area.

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 Wide Area Networks(WAN)
• Spans larger geographical area.
• Collection of cmptrs (hosts) connected by a comn
subnet
• Subnet consists of :-
Transmission lines.
Switching elements (or routers).
• Packet sent from router to router. (Store and fwd /
packet switching)
• Gen Pt to Pt Topologies

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Topology
• The way in which the connections are made of the
physical devices is called the topology of the network.
• Network topology specifically refers to the physical
layout of the network, especially the locations of the
computers and how the cable is run between them.
• It is important to select the right topology for how the
network will be used.
• Each topology has its own strengths and weaknesses.

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Topology
• Bus
• Star
• Mesh
• Ring
• Hierarchical
– To reduce complexity of NW
Tiered Architecture
– Better comd & contrl
– Better mgmt

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Bus Topology

• The bus topology is often used when a network

installation is small, simple, or temporary.
• On a typical bus network, the cable is just one
or more wires, with no active electronics to
amplify the signal or pass it along from
computer to computer.
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• This makes the bus a passive topology.
Bus Topology
• When one computer sends a signal up (and down) the
wire, all the computers on the network receive the
information, but only one (the one with the address
that matches the one encoded in the message)
accepts the information. The rest disregard the
message.
• Only one computer at a time can send a message;
therefore, the number of computers attached to a bus
network can significantly affect the speed of the
network. A computer must wait until the bus is free
before it can transmit.
• These factors also affect star and ring networks. 31
Bus Topology : Advantages
• The bus is simple, reliable in very small networks, easy
to use, and easy to understand.
• The bus requires the least amount of cable to connect
the computers together and is therefore less expensive
than other cabling arrangements.
• It is easy to extend a bus. Two cables can be joined into
one longer cable with a BNC barrel connector, making a
longer cable and allowing more computers to join the
network.
• A repeater can also be used to extend a bus; a repeater
boosts the signal and allows it to travel a longer
distance. 32
Bus Topology : Disadvantages
• Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably. Because any
computer can transmit at any time, and computers on most bus
networks do not coordinate with each other to reserve times to
transmit, a bus network with a lot of computers can spend a lot of its
bandwidth (capacity for transmitting information) with the computers
interrupting each other instead of communicating. The problem only
gets worse as more computers are added to the network
• Each barrel connector weakens the electrical signal, and too many
may prevent the signal from being correctly received all along the bus.
• It is difficult to troubleshoot a bus. A cable break or malfunctioning
computer anywhere between two computers can cause them not to
be able to communicate with each other. A cable break or loose
connector will also cause reflections and bring down the whole
network, causing all network activity to stop.
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Star Topology

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Star Topology
• In a star topology, all the cables run from the computers
to a central location, where they are all connected by a
device called a hub.
• Each computer on a star network communicates with a
central hub that resends the message either to all the
computers (in a broadcast star network) or only to the
destination computer (in a switched star network). The
hub in a broadcast star network can be active or passive.
• An active hub regenerates the electrical signal and sends
it to all the computers connected to it. This type of hub
is often called a multiport repeater. Active hubs and
switches require electrical power to run. 35
Star Topology
• A passive hub, such as wiring panels or
punch-down blocks, merely acts as a
connection point and does not amplify or
regenerate the signal.
• Passive hubs do not require electrical power
to run.
• You can use several types of cable to
implement a star network. A hybrid hub can
accommodate several types of cable in the
same star network. 36
Hybrid Star Topology
• You can expand a star
network by placing
another star hub
where a computer
might otherwise go,
allowing several
more computers or
hubs to be connected
to that hub. This
creates a hybrid star
network, like the one
shown in Fig
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Star Topology : Advantages
• It is easy to modify and add new computers to a
star network without disturbing the rest of the
network. You simply run a new line from the
computer to the central location and plug it into
the hub. When the capacity of the central hub is
exceeded, you can replace it with one that has a
larger number of ports to plug lines into.
• You can use several cable types in the same
network with a hub that can accommodate
multiple cable types.
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Star Topology : Advantages
• The center of a star network is a good place to
diagnose network faults.
• Intelligent hubs (hubs with microprocessors that
implement features in addition to repeating
network signals) also provide for centralized
monitoring and management of the network.
• Single computer failures do not necessarily bring
down the whole star network. The hub can detect
a network fault and isolate the offending computer
or network cable and allow the rest of the network
to continue operating. 39
Star Topology : Disadvantages
• If the central hub fails, the whole network
fails to operate.
• Many star networks require a device at the
central point to rebroadcast or switch
network traffic.
• It costs more to cable a star network because
all network cables must be pulled to one
central point, requiring more cable than
other networking topologies.
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Ring Topology

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Ring Topology
• In a ring topology, each computer is
connected to the next computer, with the last
one connected to the first.
• Rings are used in high-performance
networks, networks requiring that bandwidth
be reserved for time-sensitive features such
as video and audio, or when even
performance is needed when a large number
of clients access the network.
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Ring Topology : Advantages
• Because every computer is given equal access
to the token, no one computer can
monopolize the network.
• The fair sharing of the network allows the
network to degrade gracefully (continue to
function in a useful, if slower, manner rather
than fail once capacity is exceeded) as more
users are added.

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Ring Topology : Disadvantages
• Failure of one computer on the ring can
affect the whole network.
• It is difficult to troubleshoot a ring network.
• Adding or removing computers disrupts the
network.

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Mesh Topology

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Tree Topology

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Hybrid Topology

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