Topic 3

Elementary Vector Analysis

Outline

What is vector?
Vector concepts
Coordinate vectors
Operations on vectors
Dot product
Angle between two vectors
Cross Product
What is vector??

Vectors are used to represent:

quantities = magnitude + direction.
*Magnitude can be size, quantity or number.
E.g force (10 N) and speed (100km/h).
Both have a direction and a magnitude.
A kid pushing A car
a cart traveling
crossing the north at
road using speed of
force of 10 N 100 km/h
What is vector??

In a graphical form, vectors are

represented by directed line segments.
the length of the line segment is the
magnitude of the vector
the direction of the line segment is the
direction of the vector.

B (Terminal Point)

(Initial Point) A 
So the vector is written as v  AB
What is vector??

2 units to
5 units up the left

Write all as v = or v = (-2,5) (also acceptable)

But, careful.. As vector isn’t same as point.
Outline

What is vector?
Vector concepts
Coordinate vectors
Operations on vectors
Dot product
Cross Product
Equivalent Vectors

Vectors with the same length and same direction

are called equivalent, even though they may be
located in different positions.
S
v
R
w Q

written as v = w .
Unify Vector

Addition of two vectors will resulting new vector that

called unify vector.
If v and w are any two vectors, then the sum v + w is
the vector, determined as follows:
Position the vector w so that its initial point coincides with
the terminal point of v. The vector v + w is represented by
the arrow from the initial point of v to the terminal point of w.

v w
w v v+w Unify
vector
Unify Vector

w
v w+v v
v+w
w

v+w=w+v
Negative vector (-v)

If v is any non zero vector, -v is the negative of

vector v.
Same magnitude as v but in the opposite
direction. This vector has the property
v  ( v )  0
The vector of a length zero is called the zero
vector and denoted by 0 (write as 0).
v

-v
Vector Difference (-)

If v and w are any two vectors, then the

difference of w from v is defined by v  w  v  ( w)
there are 2 method to obtain v-w:

v w

method 1: method 2:
-w w
v v-w
w v+(-w) v
Scalar Multiple (kv)

If v is a non zero vector and k is a non zero

scalar, then the product kv is defined to be
the vector whose length is k times the length
of v and whose direction is the same as that
of v.

v
2v
Outline

What is vector?
Vector concepts
Coordinate vectors
Operations on vectors
Dot product
Cross Product
Coordinate Vector

Vector can be represented in 2-space (x,y) or

3-space (x,y,z) using coordinates.
Look at the diagrams below. What’s the
difference??
Vector in 2-space

Let v be any vector in the plane and assume

that v has been positioned so its initial point is
at the origin of a rectangular coordinate
system. The coordinates of the terminal point
of v are called the components of v and it is
written as v(v1 , v2 )
y v (v1,v2)

x
Vector in 2-space

Equivalent
two vectors v  (v1 , v2 ) and w  ( w1 , w2 ) are
equivalent if and only if v1  w1 and v2  w2
Addition, difference and scalar
multiple
two vectors v  (v1 , v2 ) and w  ( w1 , w2 )then
addition vector, v + w = (v 1 + w 1 , v 2 + w 2 )
difference vector, v - w = (v 1 - w 1 , v 2 - w 2 )
scalar multiple, kv = (kv 1 , kv 2 )
Algebraic Properties/Formula
for Vectors

Let u, v and w be vectors and let c and k be

scalars (numbers)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Exercise 1

1. If vector v=(1,-2) and w =(7,6), find;

vektor v + w
vektor 2v – w

(8,4)
(-5,-10)
Vector in 3-space

Vectors in 3-space can be described by

triples of real numbers by introducing a
rectangular coordinate system usually
refers to point O and axes of x, y and z.
y

x
O

z
Vector in 3-space

If v  (v1 , v 2 , v3 ) and w  ( w1 , w2 , w3 ) are

two vectors in 3-space, the arguments similar
to those used for vectors in a plane (in 2-
space vector) to establish the following
results:
Vector v and w are equivalent if and only if
v1  w1 , v2  w2 ,v 3  w3
v  w  (v1  w1 , v 2  w2 , v3  w3 )
kv  (kv1 , kv 2 , kv3 ) where k is any scalar
Exercise 2

Given vector p = (2,3,-2) and

q = (7,4,1). Find;
vektor p + q
vektor 3p + 1/2q

(9,7,-1)
(19/2,11,-11/2)
Magnitude of a vector

The length of the vector u is often called the

magnitude of u and denoted as
u
The magnitude of a vector u in 2-space, let u  (u1 , u 2 )
2 2
u  u1  u 2
The magnitude of a vector u in 3-space, let u  (u1 , u 2 , u 3 )
2 2 2
u  u1  u 2  u 3
A vector of magnitude 1 is called a unit vector.
Magnitude of a vector

Example:
Given u = (0, 4, 3) and v = (1, -2, 1),
find u , v and u + v
Solution:
2 2 2
u = 0 + 4 + 3 v =2
1 +
2
( -2)
2
+ 1
= 0 + 16 + 9 = 1+ 4 +1
= 25
= 6
=5
u + v = (0 + 1) 2 + (4 + ( -2)) 2 + (3 + 1) 2
= 1 + 4 + 16
= 21
Exercise 3

Given vector p = (2,3,-2) and q = (7,4,1).

Find;
||p||
|| p + q ||

17
131
Distance between points

If P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and P2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) are two points in

2-space, then the distance d between 
the points is the magnitude of the vector P1 P2
is given by d  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
Similarly, if P1 ( x1 , y1 , z 1 ) and P2 ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are
points in 3-space, then the distance
between them is given by
d  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2  ( z 2  z1 ) 2
Distance between points

Why distance between them is a vector?

P1 ( x1 , y1 ) or P1 ( x1 , y1 , z 1 )

P1 P2
P2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) or P2 ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 )
Distance between points

A kid pushing a
cart crossing
the road using
force of 10 N

How far the kid push the cart???

The distance from point a to point b
shows the magnitude of the vector
Exercise 4

Calculate the distance between points

P1 (2,-1,-5) and P2 (4,-3,1).
Outline

What is vector?
Vector concepts
Coordinate vectors
Operations on vectors
Dot product (a.b)
Angle between two vectors
Cross Product (a x b)
Dot Product

Formula to calculate the dot product of two vectors is as

below:

u  v  u1v1  u2 v2  u3v3 for vectors in 3-space

u  v  u1v1  u 2 v 2 for vectors in 2-space
Example:
Given u= (2,-2), v=(5,8), find u . v

Solution: u . v = 2(5) + (-2)(8)

= 10 + (-16)
= -6
Angle θ between two vectors
u
If θ is the angle between u and v,
u.v θ
so, cos θ = v
u v
From the previous example,find the angle θ between vector
u and v where u= (2,-2) and v=(5,8)
Solution: u . v = 2(5) + (-2)(8)
u = 2 2 + (-2) 2
= 10 + (-16)
= -6 = 4+4 = 8
-6
cos θ =
8 89 v = 52 + 82
-6
θ = cos -1
= 102.99 = 25 + 64 = 89
8 89
Exercise 5

Find a.b and determine the angle

between the vector a = (3,-4,1) and
vector b = (0,5,2)

130.98
Cross Product

Cross product will defined a type of vector

multiplication that produces a vector as the
product, but which used only in 3-space.
If u  (u1 , u 2 , u 3 ) and v  (v1 , v 2 , v3 ) are vectors in 3-
space, then the cross product u  v is the vector
defined by u  v  (u2 v3  u3v2 , u3v1  u1v3 , u1v2  u2 v1 )

or in determinant notation
 u2 u3 u1 u3 u1 u2 
u  v   , , 
 v2 v3 v1 v3 v1 v2 
Cross Product

Instead of memorizing the formula, you can obtain the

components of uv by:
u1 u 2 u3 
v v v 
Form the 2 x 3 matrix  1 2 3 whose first row
contains the components of u and the second row
contains the components of v.
To find the first component of u x v, delete the first
column and take the determinant, to find the second
component, delete the second column and take the
negative of the determinant and to find the third
component, delete the third column and take the
determinant.
Cross Product

Example: Find u  v where u = (1, 2, -2) and

v = (3, 0, 1).
1 2 -2
3 0 1

 2 2 1 2 1 2
u  v   , ,   (2,7,6)

 0 1 3 1 3 0 
2(1) - (-2)0 = 2
1(1) – (-2)3 = 7 change to -7, because of the formula.
1(0) – 2(3) = -6
Exercise 6

If a =(2,1,-1) and b = (-3,4,-1),

compute each of the following.
(a) a x b
(b) b x a

(3,5,11)
(-3,-5,-11)
Connection between dot
product and cross product
Dot product and cross product of 2 vectors
can be visualized as follows:

axb


a b
Connection between dot
product and cross product
How did we know that the cross product
pointed in the direction that we’ve given it
here?

It pointed in the upward direction (in this

case) by the “right hand rule”. This says
that if we take our right hand, start at a
and rotate our fingers towards b our
thumb will point in the direction of the
cross a x b product.
Major difference between dot
products and cross products
The result of a dot product is a
number, which is the angle between 2
vectors (e.g 143.240) and;
The result of a cross product is a
vector in 3 space e.g (2,4,-2).
Be careful not to confuse the two.