Storyline

Chapter 10:
Rotation of a Rigid Object About
a Fixed Axis

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
 Angular Position

s

r
s  r

2 r
C  2 r  360 corresponds to  2 rad
r
360 
1 rad   57.3   rad     deg 
2 180
Angular Position
 Angular Speed

   f   i


avg 
t

 d
  lim 
t  0 t dt

   f   i
 Quick Quiz 10.1 Part I
A rigid object rotates in a counterclockwise sense
around a fixed axis. Each of the following pairs of
quantities represents an initial angular position and a
final angular position of the rigid object.
Which of the sets can only occur if the rigid object
rotates through more than 180?
(a) 3 rad, 6 rad
(b) –1 rad, 1 rad
(c) 1 rad, 5 rad
 Quick Quiz 10.1 Part I
A rigid object rotates in a counterclockwise sense
around a fixed axis. Each of the following pairs of
quantities represents an initial angular position and a
final angular position of the rigid object.
Which of the sets can only occur if the rigid object
rotates through more than 180?
(a) 3 rad, 6 rad
(b) –1 rad, 1 rad
(c) 1 rad, 5 rad
 Quick Quiz 10.1 Part II
A rigid object rotates in a counterclockwise sense
around a fixed axis. Each of the following pairs of
quantities represents an initial angular position and a
final angular position of the rigid object.
Suppose the change in angular position for each of
these pairs of values occurs in 1 s. Which choice
represents the lowest average angular speed?
(a) 3 rad, 6 rad
(b) –1 rad, 1 rad
(c) 1 rad, 5 rad
 Quick Quiz 10.1 Part II
A rigid object rotates in a counterclockwise sense
around a fixed axis. Each of the following pairs of
quantities represents an initial angular position and a
final angular position of the rigid object.
Suppose the change in angular position for each of
these pairs of values occurs in 1 s. Which choice
represents the lowest average angular speed?
(a) 3 rad, 6 rad
(b) –1 rad, 1 rad
(c) 1 rad, 5 rad
Average and Instantaneous
Angular Acceleration

  f  i
 avg  
t t f  ti

 d 
  lim 
t  0 t dt

 x v  a
Directions of Angular Vectors
 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under
Constant Angular Acceleration
d t
  d    dt      dt
dt 0

 f  i   t for constant  
d t
  d   dt     i   t  dt
dt 0

1 2
 f =i +t   t  for constant  
2
 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under
Constant Angular Acceleration
1 2
 f  i   t and  f = i +i t   t
2
2
 f  i   f  i  1   f  i 
t   f =i +i    
    2   
2  f   i   2i  f  i    f  i  
2

2  f   i   2i f  2i   f  i  2i f

2 2 2

 f =i +2  f   i 
2 2
for constant  
Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under
Constant Angular Acceleration
1 2
 f  i   t and  f = i +i t   t
2
 f  i 1   f  i  2
   f = i +i t   t
t 2 t 
 f t i t
 f =i +i t   
2 2

1
 f =i  i   f  t for constant  
2
Kinematic Expressions
 Quick Quiz 10.2
A rigid object rotates in a counterclockwise sense
around a fixed axis. If the object starts from rest at the
initial angular position, moves counterclockwise with
constant angular acceleration, and arrives at the final
angular position with the same angular speed in all three
cases, for which choice is the angular acceleration the
highest?
(a) 3 rad, 6 rad
(b) –1 rad, 1 rad
(c) 1 rad, 5 rad
 Quick Quiz 10.2
A rigid object rotates in a counterclockwise sense
around a fixed axis. If the object starts from rest at the
initial angular position, moves counterclockwise with
constant angular acceleration, and arrives at the final
angular position with the same angular speed in all three
cases, for which choice is the angular acceleration the
highest?
(a) 3 rad, 6 rad
(b) –1 rad, 1 rad
(c) 1 rad, 5 rad
 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under
Constant Angular Acceleration

 f  i   t
1 2
 f =i +t   t
2
 f 2 =i 2 +2  f   i 
1
 f =i  i   f  t
2
 Example 10.1:
Rotating Wheel

A wheel rotates with a constant

angular acceleration of 3.50 rad/s2.
(A) If the angular speed of the
wheel is 2.00 rad/s at ti = 0, through
what angular displacement does the
wheel rotate in 2.00 s?
 Example 10.1:
Rotating Wheel

1 2
   f   i  i t   t
2
1
   2.00 rad/s  2.00 s   3.50 rad/s   2.00 s 
2 2

2
 11.0 rad  11.0 rad 180/ rad   630
 Example 10.1:
Rotating Wheel
(B) Through how many revolutions has the wheel
turned during this time interval?

 1 rev 
      1.75 rev
 360 
 Example 10.1:
Rotating Wheel
(C) What is the angular speed of the wheel at t = 2.00 s?

 f  i   t
 2.00 rad/s+ 3.50 rad/s 2   2.00 s   9.00 rad/s
 Example 10.1:
Rotating Wheel
Suppose a particle moves along a straight line with a
constant acceleration of 3.50 m/s2. If the velocity of the
particle is 2.00 m/s at ti = 0, through what displacement
does the particle move in 2.00 s? What is the velocity
of the particle at t = 2.00 s?
1 2
x  x f  xi  vi t  at
2
1
  2.00 m/s  2.00 s   3.50 m/s   2.00 s   11.0 m
2 2

2
v f  vi  at  2.00 m/s  3.50 m/s  2.00 s 
2
2
 9.00 m/s
Angular and Translational Quantities

s  r

ds d
v r
dt dt

v  r
Angular and Translational Quantities

dv d d
at    r   r
dt dt dt

at  r

v2
ac   r 2
r

a  at  a r

a  at 2  ar 2  r 2 2  r 4 2  r  2   4
 Quick Quiz 10.3 Part I
Ethan and Rebecca are riding on a merry-go-round.
Ethan rides on a horse at the outer rim of the circular
platform, twice as far from the center of the circular
platform as Rebecca, who rides on an inner horse.
When the merry-go-round is rotating at a constant
angular speed, what is Ethan’s angular speed?
(a) twice Rebecca’s
(b) the same as Rebecca’s
(c) half of Rebecca’s
(d) impossible to determine
 Quick Quiz 10.3 Part I
Ethan and Rebecca are riding on a merry-go-round.
Ethan rides on a horse at the outer rim of the circular
platform, twice as far from the center of the circular
platform as Rebecca, who rides on an inner horse.
When the merry-go-round is rotating at a constant
angular speed, what is Ethan’s angular speed?
(a) twice Rebecca’s
(b) the same as Rebecca’s
(c) half of Rebecca’s
(d) impossible to determine
 Quick Quiz 10.3 Part II
Ethan and Rebecca are riding on a merry-go-round.
Ethan rides on a horse at the outer rim of the circular
platform, twice as far from the center of the circular
platform as Rebecca, who rides on an inner horse.
When the merry-go-round is rotating at a constant
angular speed, describe Ethan’s tangential speed.
(a) twice Rebecca’s
(b) the same as Rebecca’s
(c) half of Rebecca’s
(d) impossible to determine
 Quick Quiz 10.3 Part II
Ethan and Rebecca are riding on a merry-go-round.
Ethan rides on a horse at the outer rim of the circular
platform, twice as far from the center of the circular
platform as Rebecca, who rides on an inner horse.
When the merry-go-round is rotating at a constant
angular speed, describe Ethan’s tangential speed.
(a) twice Rebecca’s
(b) the same as Rebecca’s
(c) half of Rebecca’s
(d) impossible to determine
 Example 10.2
CD Player
Despite the availability of music in digital form, the compact
disc, or CD, remains a popular format for music and data. On a
CD, audio information is stored digitally in a series of pits and
flat areas on the surface of the disc. The alternations between pits
and flat areas on the surface represent binary ones and zeros to be
read by the CD player and converted back to sound waves. The
pits and flat areas are detected by a
system consisting of a laser and lenses.
The length of a string of ones and zeros
representing one piece of information is
the same everywhere on the disc, whether
the information is near the center of the
disc or near its outer edge.
 Example 10.2
CD Player
So that this length of ones and zeros always passes by the laser–
lens system in the same time interval, the tangential speed of the
disc surface at the location of the lens must be constant.
According to Equation 10.10, the angular speed must therefore
vary as the laser–lens system moves radially along the disc. In a
typical CD player, the constant speed of the surface at the point
of the laser–lens system is 1.3 m/s.
(A) Find the angular speed of the disc
in revolutions per minute when
information is being read from the
innermost first track (r = 23 mm) and
the outermost final track (r = 58 mm).
 Example 10.2:
CD Player

v 1.3 m/s
i   2
 57 rad/s
ri 2.3  10 m
 1 rev   60 s 
= 57 rad/s      5.4  10 2
rev/min
 2 rad   1 min 
v 1.3 m/s
f  
rf 5.8  102 m
 22 rad/s  2.1 10 rev/min
2
 Example 10.2:
CD Player
(B) The maximum playing time of a standard music
disc is 74 min and 33 s. How many revolutions does
the disc make during that time?
t   74 min  60 s/min   33 s  4 473 s
1
   f   i  i   f  t
2
1
 57 rad/s  22 rad/s  4 473 s   1.8  105 rad
2
 1 rev 
  1.8  10 rad  
5
  2.8  10 rev
4

 2 rad 
 Example 10.2:
CD Player
(C) What is the angular acceleration of the compact
disc over the 4 473-s time interval?

 f  i 22 rad/s  57 rad/s
  3
 7.6  10 rad/s 2

t 4 473 s
Torque

Torque ( ): vector quantity

measuring changes in
rotational motion of object
about some axis

  rF sin   Fd

d  r sin 
Torque

   1  2
 F1d1  F2 d 2
• TORQUE
Torque is a twisting ot turning force
that tends to cause rotation around an
axis, which might be a center of mass
or a fixed point. Torque can also be
thought as the ability of something
that is rotating, such as a gear or a
shaft, to overcome turning resistant.
• How torque is related to moment?
Torque is sometimes referred to as
moment of force, because in the
same way that an applied force
causes an object to move linearly, an
applied torque will cause an object
to rotate around an axis or pivot
point. Torque is a type of moment,
but not all moments are torques.
• What is moment mean in physics?
The turning effect of the force on
the body on which it is acting is
measured by the moment of a
force. The moment of a force
depends on the magnitude of the
force and the distance from the
axis of rotation
What is the main difference
between torque and
moment? Torque is the
measurement of the turning force
of a body, while the moment is the
measurement of the perpendicular
distance from the point of rotation
to the force's line of action.
 Difference between Torque and Moment

Torque vs Moment
Torque Moment
It is the measurement of the turning It is the measurement of the
force on an object. perpendicular distance from the point of
rotation to the force’s line of action.

The symbol of torque is τ and SI unit is The symbol of the moment is M and SI
newton-metre(N-m). unit if newton-metre (N-m).

It is dynamic in nature. It is static in nature.

It is used where there is an availability It is produced by any lateral force and
of a pivot and rotation. used in non-rotational events.

Torque produces angular acceleration. Moment does not produce angular

acceleration.
 Quick Quiz 10.4
You are trying to loosen a stubborn screw from a piece
of wood with a screwdriver and fail,. You should find a
screwdriver for which the handle is
(a) longer.
(b) fatter.
 Quick Quiz 10.4
You are trying to loosen a stubborn screw from a piece
of wood with a screwdriver and fail. You should find a
screwdriver for which the handle is
(a) longer.
(b) fatter.
 Example 10.3:
The Net Torque on a Cylinder
A one-piece cylinder is shaped as shown in the figure,
with a core section protruding from the larger drum.
The cylinder is free to rotate about the central z axis
shown in the drawing. A rope wrapped  around the drum,
which has radius R1 , exerts a force T1 to the right on the
cylinder. A rope wrappedaround the core, which has
radius R2 , exerts a force T2
downward on the cylinder.
(A) What is the net torque
acting on the cylinder about
the rotation axis (which is the
z axis in the figure)?
 Example 10.3:
The Net Torque on a Cylinder

   1   2  R2T2  R1T1
 Example 10.3:
The Net Torque on a Cylinder

(B) Suppose T1 = 5.0 N, R1 = 1.0 m, T2 = 15 N, and

R2 = 0.50 m. What is the net torque about the rotation
axis, and which way does the cylinder rotate starting
from rest?

  0.50 m 15 N   1.0 m 5.0 N   2.5 N  m

 Analysis Model: Rigid Object
Under a Net Torque

F t  mat

   F r   ma  r
t t

   mr  r   mr  2

  I 
 Analysis Model: Rigid Object
Under a Net Torque

Fi  mi ai

 i  ri Fi  ri mi ai

 i  mi ri 
2
 Analysis Model: Rigid Object
Under a Net Torque
 2 
 ext   i   mi ri     mi ri  
i i
2

 i 

 ext  I
where I   mi ri 2
i
Moment of Inertia

I   mi ri 2

i
 
 ext  I  Fext  MaCM
Moment of Inertia
 Quick Quiz 10.5
You turn off your electric drill and find that the time
interval for the rotating bit to come to rest due to
frictional torque in the drill is t. You replace the bit
with a larger one that results in a doubling of the
moment of inertia of the drill’s entire rotating
mechanism. When this larger bit is rotated at the same
angular speed as the first and the drill is turned off, the
frictional torque remains the same as that for the
previous situation. What is the time interval for this
second bit to come to rest?
(a) 4t (b) 2t (c) t (d) 0.5t (e) 0.25t
(f) impossible to determine
 Quick Quiz 10.5
You turn off your electric drill and find that the time
interval for the rotating bit to come to rest due to
frictional torque in the drill is t. You replace the bit
with a larger one that results in a doubling of the
moment of inertia of the drill’s entire rotating
mechanism. When this larger bit is rotated at the same
angular speed as the first and the drill is turned off, the
frictional torque remains the same as that for the
previous situation. What is the time interval for this
second bit to come to rest?
(a) 4t (b) 2t (c) t (d) 0.5t (e) 0.25t
(f) impossible to determine
Analysis Model: Rigid Object
Under a Net Torque

 ext  I
 Example 10.4:
Rotating Rod

A uniform rod of length L and mass M is attached at

one end to a frictionless pivot and is free to rotate
about the pivot in the vertical plane as in the figure.
The rod is released from rest in the horizontal position.
What are the initial angular acceleration of the rod and
the initial translational acceleration of its right end?
 Example 10.4:
Rotating Rod

L
 ext  Mg  
2

a
  ext

Mg  L /2 

3g
2
I 1
3 ML 2L

3
at  L  g
2
 Conceptual Example 10.5:
Falling Smokestacks and Tumbling Blocks
When a tall smokestack falls over, it often breaks
somewhere along its length before it hits the ground as
shown in the figure. Why?

at  r
 Example 10.6:
Angular Acceleration of a Wheel
A wheel of radius R, mass M, and moment
of inertia I is mounted on a frictionless,
horizontal axle as in the figure. A light cord
wrapped around the wheel supports an
object of mass m. When the wheel is
released, the object accelerates downward,
the cord unwraps off the wheel, and the
wheel rotates with an angular acceleration.
Find expressions for the angular
acceleration of the wheel, the translational
acceleration of the object, and the tension in
the cord.
 Example 10.6:
Angular Acceleration of a Wheel
  ext TR
 ext  I    I  I
mg  T
 Fy  mg  T  ma  a  m
TR 2 mg  T
a  R  
I m
mg g
T a
1   mR /I 
2
1   I /mR 2 
a g
 
R R   I /mR 
 Example 10.6:
Angular Acceleration of a Wheel
What if the wheel were to become very massive so that
I becomes very large? What happens to the
acceleration a of the object and the tension T ?

g
a  lim 0
I 
1   I /mR 2

mg
T  lim  mg
I 
1   mR 2 /I 
 Calculation of Moments of Inertia

I   ri mi system of discrete particles 

2

Continuous rigid object: I  lim

mi  0
 i i  dm
i
r 2
m  r 2

m
  dm   dV
V

I    r dV
2
Calculation of Moments of Inertia
Calculation of Moments of Inertia

m
    t  mass per unit area 
A
m
    A  mass per unit length 
L
 Example 10.7:
Uniform Rigid Rod

Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform thin rod of

length L and mass M about an axis perpendicular to the
rod (the y axis) and passing through its center of mass.
M
dm   dx  dx
L
2 M
L/2
I y   r dm   x
2
dx
L/2 L
M L/2 2
 
L L/2
x dx
3 L/2
M x  1
    ML 2

L  3   L /2 12
 Example 10.8:
Uniform Solid Cylinder
A uniform solid cylinder has a radius R, mass M, and
length L. Calculate its moment of inertia about its
central axis (the z axis in in the figure).
dV  LdA  L  2 r  dr
dm   dV   L  2 r  dr
I z   r 2 dm   r 2   L  2 r  dr 
R 1
 2 L  r dr   LR 4
3
0 2
M M
 
V  R2 L
1  M  4 1
Iz     LR  MR 2

2   R2 L  2
 Example 10.8:
Uniform Solid Cylinder

What if the length of the cylinder in the figure is

increased to 2L, while the mass M and radius R are held
fixed (The density becomes half as
large)? How does that change the
moment of inertia of the cylinder?

1
I z  MR 2
2

Icylinder is not affected

Parallel-Axis Theorem
 Parallel-Axis Theorem

 x    y  
2 2
r
I    r   dm    x    y    dm

2 2 2
 
 Parallel-Axis Theorem
x  x  xCM
 y   y  yCM
 z  z  0

I    x  xCM
    y  yCM
   dm
2 2
 
 x  y
2 2
 dm  2 x  x dm
CM


 2 yCM  y dm   x
CM
 
2
y    dm
CM
2

 x dm   y dm  0
     
2 2 2
dm M and D xCM y CM

I  I CM  MD 2
 Example 10.9:
Applying the Parallel-Axis Theorem
Consider once again the uniform rigid rod of mass M
and length L shown in the figure. Find the moment of
inertia of the rod about an axis perpendicular to the
rod through one end (the y axis in the figure).

I  I CM  MD 2
2
1 L
 ML  M  
2

12 2
1
 ML 2

3
 Rotational Kinetic Energy
1
K i  mi vi 2

1 1
K R   K i  mi vi   mi ri 2 2
2

i i 2 2 i
1 2 2
K R    mi ri  
2 i 
1 2
K R  I
2
 Quick Quiz 10.6
A section of hollow pipe and a solid cylinder have the
same radius, mass, and length. They both rotate about
their long central axes with the same angular speed.
Which object has the higher rotational kinetic energy?
(a) The hollow pipe does.
(b) The solid cylinder does.
(c) They have the same rotational kinetic energy.
(d) It is impossible to determine.
 Quick Quiz 10.6
A section of hollow pipe and a solid cylinder have the
same radius, mass, and length. They both rotate about
their long central axes with the same angular speed.
Which object has the higher rotational kinetic energy?
(a) The hollow pipe does.
(b) The solid cylinder does.
(c) They have the same rotational kinetic energy.
(d) It is impossible to determine.
 Example 10.10:
An Unusual Baton

Four tiny spheres are fastened to the ends of two rods of

negligible mass lying in the xy plane to form an unusual
baton (see figure). We shall assume the radii of the
spheres are small compared with the dimensions of the
rods.
(A) If the system rotates about the
y axis with an angular speed ,
find the moment of inertia and the
rotational kinetic energy of the
system about this axis.
 Example 10.10:
An Unusual Baton

I y   mi ri  Ma  Ma  2Ma
2 2 2 2

1
K R  I y 2
2
1
  2 Ma 2   2  Ma 2 2
2
 Example 10.10:
An Unusual Baton

(B) Suppose the system rotates in the xy plane about an

axis (the z axis) through the center of the baton.
Calculate the moment of inertia and rotational kinetic
energy about this axis.
 Example 10.10:
An Unusual Baton

I z   mi ri 2  Ma 2  Ma 2  mb 2  mb 2
i

 2 Ma  2mb
2 2

1
K R  I z 2

2
1
  2 Ma  2mb  
2 2 2

2
  Ma  mb  
2 2 2
 Example 10.10:
An Unusual Baton
What if the mass M is much larger than m? How do the
answers to parts (A) and (B) compare?

I z  2 Ma and K R  Ma 
2 2 2
 Energy Considerations in
Rotational Motion
 
dW  F  d s   F sin   rd

dW   d

dW d

dt dt

dW
P  
dt
 Energy Considerations in
Rotational Motion

 ext  I

d d  d d
 ext  I  I
dt
I
d dt
I
d


 ext d  dW  I  d 

f 1 1 2
 I  d   I  f  i
2
i 2 2
Rotational and Translational Motion
Expressions
 Example 10.11:
Rotating Rod Revisited

A uniform rod of length L and mass M is free to rotate

on a frictionless pin passing through one end. The rod
is released from rest in the horizontal position.
(A) What is its angular speed when the rod reaches its
lowest position?
K  U  0
1 2   1 
 I   0 
  0  mgL 0
2   2 
MgL MgL 3g
  2

I 3 ML
1
L
 Example 10.11:
Rotating Rod Revisited

(B) Determine the tangential speed of the center of

mass and the tangential speed of the lowest point on
the rod when it is in the vertical position.

L 1
vCM  r    3 gL
2 2
v  2vCM  3 gL
 Example 10.11:
Rotating Rod Revisited

What if we want to find the angular speed of the rod

when the angle it makes with the horizontal is 45.0?
Because this angle is half of 90.0, for which we
solved the problem in the previous slide, is the
angular speed at this configuration half the previous
answer, that is, ?
 Example 10.11:
Rotating Rod Revisited

L 2L
cos 45  h 
2 4
1 2
0  I   Mgh
2
11 2 2
 2L 
  ML    Mg  
23   4 

1 3g 3g
  1/ 4  0.841
2 L L
 Example 10.12:
Energy and the Atwood Machine

Two blocks having different masses m1 and m2 are

connected by a string passing over a pulley. The pulley
has a radius R and moment of inertia I
about its axis of rotation. The string
does not slip on the pulley, and the
system is released from rest. Find the
translational speeds of the blocks after
block 2 descends through a distance h
and find the angular speed of the pulley
at this time.
 Example 10.12:
Energy and the Atwood Machine
K  U  0
 1 1 1 2 
 2 m1v f  2 m2 v f  2 I  f   0    m1 gh  m2 gh   0   0
2 2

  
2
1 1 1 v f
m1v f 2  m2 v f 2  I 2  m2 gh  m1 gh
2 2 2 R
1 I  2
 m1  m2  2  v f   m2  m1  gh
2 R 

 2  m2  m1  gh 
1/ 2

vf   2 
 m1  m2  I /R 

1  2  m2  m1  gh 
1/ 2
vf
f    
R R  m1  m2  I /R 2 
Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object
Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object

ds d
vCM  R  R
dt dt

dvCM d
aCM  R  R
dt dt
Kinetic Energy of a Rolling Object

1
K  I P 2
2

1 1 1 1
K  I CM  MR 2 2
2
K  I CM  MvCM 2
2

2 2 2 2
 Analysis of Rolling Object
2
1  vCM  1 1  I CM 
K  I CM    MvCM  K   2  M  vCM
2 2

2  R  2 2 R 
 1  I CM  
K  U  0    2  M  vCM  0    0  Mgh   0
2

2  R  
1/ 2
 2 gh 
vCM  
1   I CM /MR  
2
 Quick Quiz 10.7
A ball rolls without slipping down incline A, starting
from rest. At the same time, a box starts from rest and
slides down incline B, which is identical to incline A
except that it is frictionless. Which arrives at the
bottom first?
(a) The ball arrives first.
(b) The box arrives first.
(c) Both arrive at the same time.
(d) It is impossible to determine.
 Quick Quiz 10.7
A ball rolls without slipping down incline A, starting
from rest. At the same time, a box starts from rest and
slides down incline B, which is identical to incline A
except that it is frictionless. Which arrives at the
bottom first?
(a) The ball arrives first.
(b) The box arrives first.
(c) Both arrive at the same time.
(d) It is impossible to determine.
 Example 10.13:
Sphere Rolling Down and Incline
Suppose the sphere shown in the figure is solid and
uniform. Calculate the translational speed of the center
of mass at the bottom of the incline and the magnitude
of the translational acceleration of the center of mass.
 Example 10.13:
Sphere Rolling Down and Incline
1/ 2
 2 gh  1/ 2
 10 
vCM      gh 
  5
1  2
MR 2
/ MR 2
   7 
h  x sin 
10
vCM 2
 gx sin 
7
vCM 2  2aCM x
5
aCM  g sin 
7
 Example 10.14:
Pulling on a Spool

A cylindrically symmetric spool of mass m and radius R

sits at rest on a horizontal table with friction. With your
hand on a light string wrapped around the axle of radius
r, you pull on the spool with a constant horizontal force
of magnitude T to the right. As a result, the spool rolls
without slipping a distance L along the table with no
rolling friction.
(A) Find the final translational
speed of the center of mass of
the spool.
 Example 10.14:
Pulling on a Spool
r
W  K  K trans  K rot   r  L
R
  L  L 1  r /R 
 r 1 1 2
W  TL 1    mvCM  I 
2

 R 2 2
2
 r  1 1 v
TL 1    mvCM 2  I CM2
 R 2 2 R
2TL 1  r /R 
vCM 
m 1  I /mR 2

 Example 10.14:
Pulling on a Spool
(B) Find the value of the friction force f.
m  vCM  0   T  f  t  mvCM  T  f  t
L 2L
t  
vCM,avg vCM
2L mv 2
mvCM  T  f   f  T  CM
vCM 2L

m  2TL 1  r /R   1  r /R   1  mrR 
f T     T T T  2 
2 L  m 1  I /mR  
2
1  I / mR 2
  1  mR 
 
 Assessing to Learn
The rotational inertia of the dumbbell (see figure)
about axis A is twice the rotational inertia about axis
B. The unknown mass is:

1. 4/7 kg 2. 2 kg 3. 4 kg
4. 5 kg 5. 7 kg 6. 8 kg
7. 10 kg 8. None of the above
9. Cannot be determined
10. The rotational inertia cannot be different about
different axes.
 Assessing to Learn
A disk, with radius 0.25 m and mass 4 kg, lies flat
on a smooth horizontal tabletop. A string wound
about the disk is pulled with a force of 8 N. What is
the acceleration of the disk?
1. 0
2. 0.5 m/s²
3. 1 m/s²
4. 2 m/s²
5. 4 m/s²
6. None of the above.
7. Cannot be determined.
 Assessing to Learn
A disk, with radius 0.25 m and mass 4 kg, lies flat
on a smooth horizontal tabletop. A string wound
about the disk is pulled with a force of 8 N. What is
the angular acceleration of the disk?
1. 0
2. 0.5 m/s²
3. 1 m/s²
4. 2 m/s²
5. 4 m/s²
6. None of the above.
7. Cannot be determined.
 Assessing to Learn
A 100 kg crate is attached to a rope wrapped around
the inner disk as shown. A person pulls on another
rope wrapped around the outer disk with force F to
lift the crate. What force F is needed to lift the crate
2 m?
1. about 20 N 2. about 50 N
3. about 100 N 4. about 200 N
5. about 500 N 6. about 1,000 N
7. about 2,000 N 8. about 5,000 N
9. Impossible to determine without knowing the radii
10. Impossible to determine for some other reason(s)
 Assessing to Learn
A 100-kg crate is attached to a rope wrapped around the inner
disk as shown. A person pulls on another rope wrapped around
the outer disk with force F to lift the crate. What force F is
needed to lift the crate 2 m?

1. about 400 J 2. slightly less than 2,000 J

3. Exactly 2,000 J 4. slightly more than 2,000 J
5. much more than 2,000 J
6. Impossible to determine without knowing F
7. Impossible to determine without knowing the radii
8. Impossible to determine without knowing the mass of the pulley
9. Impossible to determine for two or more of the reasons given in 6,
7, and 8 above
10. Impossible to determine for some other reason(s)
 Assessing to Learn
A spool has string wrapped around its center axle and
is sitting on a horizontal surface. If the string is pulled
in the horizontal direction when tangent to the top of
the axle, the spool will...
1. ... roll to the right.
2. ... not roll, only slide to the right.
3. ... spin and slip, without moving left or right.
4. ... roll to the left.
5. None of the above
6. The motion cannot be determined.
 Assessing to Learn
A spool has string wrapped around its center axle and
is sitting on a horizontal surface. If the string is pulled
in the horizontal direction when tangent to the bottom
of the axle, the spool will...
1. ... roll to the right.
2. ... not roll, only slide to the right.
3. ... spin and slip, without moving left or right.
4. ... roll to the left.
5. None of the above
6. The motion cannot be determined.
 Assessing to Learn
A spool has string wrapped around its center axle and
is sitting on a horizontal surface. If the string is pulled
at an angle to the horizontal when drawn from the
bottom of the axle, the spool will...
1. ... roll to the right.
2. ... not roll, only slide to the right.
3. ... spin and slip, without moving left or right.
4. ... roll to the left.
5. None of the above
6. The motion cannot be determined.
Assessing to Learn
 Assessing to Learn
Two blocks hang from strings wound around different
parts of a double pulley as shown. Assuming the system
is not in equilibrium, what happens to the system's
potential energy when it is released from rest?
1. It remains the same.
2. It decreases.
3. It increases.
4. Impossible to determine without knowing the
radii of the two pulleys.
5. Impossible to determine without knowing the
ratio of the radii of the two pulleys.
6. Impossible to determine for some other reason.
 Assessing to Learn
Two blocks hang from strings would around different
parts of a 2 kg double pulley as shown. The pivot exerts a
normal force FN supporting the double pulley. Assuming
the system is not in equilibrium, which statement about
FN is true after the system is released from rest? (Use
g = 10 N/kg.)
1. FN = 20 N
2. 20 N < FN < 27 N
3. FN = 27 N
4. FN > 27N
5. It is impossible to predict what the normal