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History of The Periodic Table

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51 views60 pages

History of The Periodic Table

Uploaded by

jaysarmpit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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History of the Periodic

Table
• All things are made up of tiny particles
called atoms and the element is a
substance made of only one atom.
• A Periodic table (also known as the
periodic table of elements) is an
arrangement of elements based on
specific characteristics and properties.
• In the modern periodic table, the
elements are listed in order of increasing
atomic number.
How did the Periodic Table
develop?
During the nineteenth century,
chemists began to categorize the
elements according to similarities
in their physical and chemical
properties. The end result of these
studies was our modern periodic
table.
FAST FACTS
• 91 naturally occurring elements
• Oxygen is most abundant element
• Tie together properties that make metals,
metals and non-metals, nonmetals
• Early 1800’s scientists started to note
relationships between certain elements
and their atomic masses
• Classification of elements began using
these similarities.
Who were the persons
involved in the
development of
periodic table?
1. JOHANN
DOBEREINER
• The development of
the Periodic table could be
traced back in 1817 to
the work of Johann
Dobereiner, a German
chemist who formed the triads of elements with
similar properties like the triad of calcium,
barium and strontium.
• He known 40 elements.
• First scientist to observe an important trend.
• Noticed certain groups of three elements had
similar physical and chemical properties but
different masses
• Called them Model of TRIADS.
• Examples;
• Li,Na,K Cl,Br,I
Cu,Ag,Au Be,Mg,Ca
2. JOHN
NEWLANDS
• In 1863, John
Newlands, an
English chemist,
proposed the Law of Octaves. He based his
classification of elements on the fact that similar
properties could be noted for every eight
elements when they are arranged in order of
increasing atomic masses.
• 45 known elements
• Noted connection of properties and
mass were a repeating pattern in order of
increasing mass.
• Every 8th element had similar
properties(Dobereiner’s Triads).
• Didn’t know about Noble gases
• Called it Law of Octaves.
• Problems occurred as more elements were
discovered and did not fit pattern.
John Newlands

1838 - 1898 Law of Octaves


3. LOTHAR 4. DMITRI
MEYER MENDELEEV
• Around 1869, two scientists determined a
way to put the elements in order. Lothar
Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev both came
up with periodic tables that showed how
elements should be grouped. It is intresting
to note that these two scientists did not
personally know each other, yet they came
up with the same conclusions.
• Both scientists were teachers living and
working in different places. Meyer
lived and worked in Germany, studied
physical properties of elements and
atomic weights, while Mendeleev, in
Russia, studied the chemical properties
of elements and atomic weights.
• Both arranged the elements in order of
increasing atomic mass while putting
in groups those with similar
properties. Their arrangement made
sense since such arrangement had the
properties of elements repeat
periodically.
• Mendeleev 1860’s @ 60+ known
elements
• Father of Periodic Table (P.T.)
• Developed table that showed
relationship between properties of
elements and atomic masses
• Remember: the only thing known
about atoms is?
• Dalton’s Theories
• No e- or p+
• Carefully planned and in great detail
• Avoided earlier mistakes of forcing
elements to fit into 8 pattern like
Newland.
• Proposed properties were a function
of increasing atomic mass.
• Believed similar properties occurred after
periods that could vary in length by specific
patterns
• Left blank spaces on table were an element
did not fit ( did not force elements in)
properties
• Predicted that spaces were undiscovered
elements.
• Predicted masses and properties
of unknowns
• Elements discovered were very
close to predictions
• Elements properties repeated in
an orderly way.
• Not all elements fit pattern
• Ex. Te-I and Co-Ni
• Mendeleev switched elements
around even though masses
were not in pattern
• Believed properties were more
important factor to consider.
• Predicted a new theory or
discovery would explain this
• 1st Periodic Law: properties of
the elements are a periodic
function of their increasing
atomic masses.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
After the discovery of these unknown
elements between 1874 and 1885, and
the fact that Mendeleev’s predictions
for Sc, Ga, and Ge were amazingly
close to the actual values, his table
was generally accepted.
5. HENRY MOSELEY
• Later, in 1914,
Henry Moseley,
an English physicist,
observed that x-ray
frequencies emitted
by elements could
be correlated better with their atomic
numbers.
• He computed the atomic number of the
elements.
• This observation led to the
development of the modern periodic
law, which states that the properties of
elements are periodic functions of
their atomic numbers.
• Mosley explained exceptions with
discovery of Atomic Number
• Modern Periodic Law: properties
of the elements are a periodic
function of their increasing atomic
number.
Glenn T. Seaborg
After co-discovering 10 new elements, in
1944 he moved 14 elements out of the
main body of the periodic table to their
current location below the Lanthanide
series. These became known
as the Actinide series.

1912 - 1999
Glenn T. Seaborg
He is the only person to have an element
named after him while still alive.

"This is the greatest honor ever bestowed


upon me - even better, I think, than
winning the Nobel Prize."

1912 - 1999
Periodic Table
Geography
PERIODIC TABLE
The periodic table is a tabular
array of the chemical elements
organized by atomic number, from the
element with the lowest atomic number,
hydrogen, to the element with the
highest atomic number, oganesson. The
atomic number of an element is the
number of protons in the nucleus of an
atom of that element.
 In the periodic table, the list of all
elements starts with the lightest atom,
Hydrogen (H), and to the element with
the heaviest atom, aggregated by boxes.
 The periodic table consists of 118
elements and is represented by symbols.
 The symbols of elements are based on
the first letter of the element`s name
or the first two letters of it. The first
letter of the symbol will be capitalized,
while the second letter, written by a
small letter.
 The upper number in the box will
represent the atomic number of the
element
 The lower number with a decimal
point, represents the atomic mass of
the element.
 Elements are arranged in such a way
that information about the elements
and their compound are easily
revealed
Element
PARTS
OF
PERIODIC TABLE
The horizontal rows of the periodic table
are called PERIODS OR SERIES.
The elements in any group
of the periodic table have
similar physical and chemical
properties!

The vertical columns of the periodic table


are called GROUPS, or FAMILIES.
How is it Arranged?

• The elements are put into rows by


increasing ATOMIC NUMBER.
• The horizontal rows are called periods
and are labeled 1 to 7.
• The vertical rows are called groups and
are labeled 1 to 18

The red lines show the different periods and the green lines show the groups.
Periodic Law
When elements are
arranged in order of
increasing atomic number,
there is a periodic pattern in
their physical and chemical
properties.
 The Group 1 metals,
from lithium to francium
except for hydrogen, are
called the alkali metals.
These metals are so
reactive that they are
never found as uncombined
elements in nature.

Alkali Metals
 Group 2, the alkaline earth
metals are not as reactive
as the Group 1 metals but
are more reactive than
most other metals. Like the
metals in Group 1, they are
also never found
uncombined in nature.

Alkaline Earth Metals


 Elements in Group 3 through Group 12
are called the transition metals. They
are less reactive than the metals in
Groups 1 and 2.

Transition Metals
Boron Family 13

• Elements in
Group 13.
• Boron has
properties of
both metals and
non-metals.
Carbon Family 14

• Elements in
Group 14.
• Carbon is the
basic element in
all organic
compounds.
Nitrogen Family 15

• Elements in
Group 15.
• Nitrogen makes
up more than ¾
of our
atmosphere.
Oxygen Family 16
or Chalcogens
• Elements in
Group 16.
• Oxygen is
necessary for
respiration.
The two rows of elements placed
below the central part of the periodic
table are the lanthanide series at the top
row and the actinide series at the
bottom row. Different lanthanides are
usually found together in nature and are
always combined with other elements.These
elements are
also called the
rare-earth
elements.

Inner Transition Metals


The elements in group
17 are called halogens.
They are very reactive
nonmetals. When halogens
are mix with the metals,
they form salts such as
sodium chloride (NaCl);
hence, the named word
halogen means a salt
former.
Halogens
 The last group, group
18, is called noble
gases. Elements in this
group are colorless,
odorless gases that
almost can’t react with
other elements to form
compounds.

Noble Gases
The major categories/types of elements
• Metals are lustrous (shiny), malleable, and
are good conductors of heat and electricity.

• It can be bent or drawn into sheets or wire


without breaking (ductile), and almost
about 85% of the elements are metals.

• The majority of the elements on the left


side of the table are metals.
• Non-metals Dull in appearance, brittle.
Poor conductors of heat and electricity.

• Confined to the right side of the table.


• Metalloids / Semi-metals are elements
that share some, but not all the
properties of metals.

• Have some properties of metal but behave


chemically like a nonmetal in certain
instances.
• Some are semiconductors, which means
they will insulate and conduct electricity

• Semiconductors are insulators at lower


temperatures but become conductors at
higher temperatures.
Metals - Lustrous, Malleable, and
Good Conductors?
These are physical properties of metals
• Lustrous means shiny or reflective of light.
– Coins and jewelry are shiny and reflective .
• Malleable means capable of being shaped.
– Aluminum foil is shaped or molded around food items to
keep them fresh.
• Being a Good Conductor means being able to
allow electricity and heat to flow through.
− When you think about the wires we use for
electrical devices, they are mostly made of
Metallic Character of Periodic Table
Metallic property relates to how
easy it is for an atom to lose an electron.
With respect to the position in the
periodic table of the representative
elements, the metallic character increases
from top to bottom and decreases from
left to right
The non-metallic character decreases from top
to bottom and increases from left to right.
Non-metallic property relates to how easy it is
for an atom to gain an electron.
For example, which one is more metallic,
is it Silver (Ag) or Tin (Sn)? It is Silver because
when we look at the periodic table, they are on
the period that moves to the right. So it means
that when we move to the right, then the
metallic character of the element decreases, just
like in Silver and Tin.
The periodic table is the most important
tool in the chemist’s toolbox!

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