Analog transmissions

Digital-to-analog conversion
• Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the
characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.
• The relationship between the digital information, the digital-to-analog
modulating process, and the resultant analog signal.
The analog transmission defines the three basic methods:
• ASK (Amplitude Shift-Keying)
• FSK (Frequency Shift-Keying)
• PSK (Phase Shift-Keying)
The fourth analog transmission is a combination of Amplitude shift keying and Phase shift keying, and
that is called as the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
ASK (Amplitude Shift-Keying)
• In amplitude shift keying, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal elements.
• Both frequency and phase remain constant while the amplitude changes. Although we can have several
levels (kinds) of signal elements, each with a different amplitude, ASK is normally implemented using only
two levels.
• This is referred to as binary amplitude shift keying or on-off keying (OOK). The peak amplitude of one signal
level is 0; the other is the same as the amplitude of the carrier frequency.
Advantages of amplitude shift Keying –It can be used to transmit
digital data over optical fiber.
• The receiver and transmitter have a simple design which also makes it
comparatively inexpensive.
• It uses lesser bandwidth as compared to FSK thus it offers high
bandwidth efficiency.
Disadvantages of amplitude shift Keying –It is susceptible to noise
interference and entire transmissions could be lost due to this.
• It has lower power efficiency.
Frequency Shift keying
• In this modulation the frequency of analog carrier signal is modified to reflect binary data.
• The output of a frequency shift keying modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary high input and is
low in frequency for a binary low input. The amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain constant.
Advantages of frequency shift Keying –Frequency shift keying modulated signal can help avoid the noise problems beset by ASK.
• It has lower chances of an error.
• It provides high signal to noise ratio.
• The transmitter and receiver implementations are simple for low data rate application.
Disadvantages of frequency shift Keying –It uses larger bandwidth as compared to ASK thus it offers less bandwidth efficiency.
• It has lower power efficiency.
Phase Shift keying
• In phase shift keying, the phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different signal elements.
Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant as the phase changes.
• Today, PSK is more common than ASK or FSK. The simplest PSK is binary PSK, in which we have only two
signal elements, one with a phase of 0°, and the other with a phase of 180°.
Advantages of phase shift Keying –
• It is a more power efficient modulation technique as compared to ASK and FSK.
• It has lower chances of an error.
• It allows data to be carried along a communication signal much more efficiently as compared to FSK.
Disadvantages of phase shift Keying –
• It offers low bandwidth efficiency.
• The detection and recovery algorithms of binary data is very complex.
• It is a non coherent reference signal.
 Analog to Analog
Conversion (Modulation)
• Analog-to-analog conversion, or analog modulation, is the
representation of analog information by an analog signal.
• Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a
bandpass channel is available to us.
• An example is radio. The government assigns a narrow bandwidth to
each radio station. The analog signal produced by each station is a low-
pass signal, all in the same range. To be able to listen to different
stations, the low-pass signals need to be shifted, each to a different
range.
• Analog-to-analog conversion can be accomplished in three ways:
• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Frequency Modulation (FM)
• Phase Modulation (PM)
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
• The modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied according to the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal keeping phase and frequency as constant.
• The frequency and phase of the carrier remain the same. Only the amplitude changes to
follow variations in the information.

• AM is normally implemented by using a

simple multiplier because the amplitude of
the carrier signal needs to be changed
according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
• AM bandwidth:
The modulation creates a bandwidth that is
twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal
and covers a range centered on the carrier
frequency.
Bandwidth= 2fm
FREQUENCY MODULATION
• The modulation in which the frequency of the carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous
frequency of the modulating signal keeping phase and amplitude as constant.
• FM is normally implemented by using a voltage-controlled oscillator as with FSK. The frequency of the
oscillator changes according to the input voltage which is the amplitude of the modulating signal.

FM bandwidth:
1.The bandwidth of a frequency modulated signal
varies with both deviation and modulating frequency.
If modulating frequency (Mf) 0.5, wide band Fm
signal.
2.For a narrow band Fm signal, bandwidth required is
twice the maximum frequency of the modulation,
however for a wide band Fm signal the required
bandwidth can be very much larger, with detectable
sidebands spreading out over large amounts of the
frequency spectrum.
PHASE MODULATION
• The modulation in which the phase of the carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous pIn of the
modulating signal keeping amplitude and frequency as constant.
• Phase modulation is practically similar to Frequency Modulation, but in Phase modulation frequency of the
carrier signal is not increased. It is normally implemented by using a voltage-controlled oscillator along with
a derivative. The frequency of the oscillator changes according to the derivative of the input voltage which is
the amplitude of the modulating signal.
PM bandwidth:
1.For small amplitude signals, PM is similar to
amplitude modulation (AM) and exhibits its
unfortunate doubling of baseband bandwidth and poor
efficiency.
2.For a single large sinusoidal signal, PM is similar to
FM, and its bandwidth is approximately, 2 (h+1)
Fm where h= modulation index.