University Physics with Modern Physics

Fifteenth Edition, Global Edition, in SI Units

Chapter 4
Newton’s Laws of
Motion

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Learning Outcomes
In this chapter, you’ll learn…
• what the concept of force means in physics, why forces are
vectors, and the significance of the net force on an object.
• what happens when the net force on an object is zero, and the
significance of inertial frames of reference.
• how the acceleration of an object is determined by the net force
on the object and the object’s mass.
• the difference between the mass of an object and its weight.
• how the forces that two objects exert on each other are related.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Introduction
• We’ve seen how to use kinematics to describe motion in
one, two, or three dimensions.
• But what causes objects to move the way that they do?
• The answer takes us into the subject of dynamics, the
relationship of motion to the forces that cause it.
• The principles of dynamics were clearly stated for the first
time by Sir Isaac Newton; today we call them Newton’s
laws of motion.
• Newton did not derive these laws, but rather deduced
them from a multitude of experiments performed by other
scientists.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
What Are Some Properties of a
Force?

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

There Are Four Common Types of
Forces: Normal

• The normal force is a contact force.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
There Are Four Common Types of
Forces: Friction

• Friction is a contact force.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
There Are Four Common Types of
Forces: Tension

• Tension is a contact force.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
There Are Four Common Types of
Forces: Weight

• Weight is a long-range force.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
What Are the Magnitudes of Common
Forces?
• The SI unit of the magnitude of force is the newton, abbreviated N.
Some typical force magnitudes are:
Sun’s gravitational force on the earth
3.5 times 10 to the 20 second newtons

3.5  1022 N
Weight of a large blue whale
1.9 times 10 to the sixth newtons

1.9  106 N
Maximum pulling force of a locomotive
8.9 times 10 to the fifth newtons

8.9  105 N
Weight of a 250-lb linebacker
1.1 times 10 cubed newtons

1.1 103 N
Weight of a medium apple 1 ✕ 100 N
Weight of the smallest insect eggs
2 times 10 to the negative sixth newtons

2  106 N
Electric attraction between the proton and the electron in a hydrogen atom
8.2 times 10 to the negative eighth

8.2  10 8 N
newtons

Weight of a very small bacterium

1 times 10 to the eighteenth newtons

1 10 18 N
Weight of a hydrogen atom
1.6 times 10 to the negative 20 sixth

1.6  10 26 N
newtons

Weight of an electron
8.9 times 10 to the negative thirtieth

8.9  1030 N
newtons

Gravitational attraction between the proton and the electron in a hydrogen atom 3.6  10 47 N
3.6 times 10 to the negative 40 seventh
newtons

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Drawing Force Vectors
• The figure shows a spring balance being used to measure
a pull that we apply to a box.
• We draw a vector to represent the applied force.
• The length of the vector shows the magnitude; the longer
the vector, the greater the force magnitude.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Superposition of Forces

• Several forces acting at a point on an object have the

same effect as their vector sum acting at the same point.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Decomposing a Force into Its
Component Vectors
• Choose perpendicular x-
and y-axes.
• Fx and Fy are the
components of a force
along these axes.
• Use trigonometry to find
these force components.

• Video Tutor Solution: Ex

ample
4.1 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Notation for the Vector Sum
• The vector sum of all the
forces on an object is
called the resultant of the
forces or the net force:

R  F1  F2  F3  ...   F

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Newton's First Law (1 of 2)
• When an object is either at rest or moving with
constant velocity (in a straight line with constant
speed), we say that the object is in equilibrium.
• For an object to be in equilibrium, it must be acted on
by no forces, or by several forces such that their
vector sum—that is, the net force—is zero:

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Net Force Causes Acceleration
• A hockey puck accelerates
in the direction of a net
applied force.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Newton's First Law (2 of 2)
• When the net force is zero,
the acceleration is zero,
and the puck is in
equilibrium.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Sledding with Newton's First Law
• The downward force of gravity
acting on the child and sled is
balanced by an upward normal
force exerted by the ground.
• The adult’s foot exerts a
forward force that balances the
backward force of friction on
the sled.
• Hence there is no net external
force on the child and sled, and
they slide with a constant
velocity.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
When Is Newton's First Law Valid?
• Suppose you are in a bus that is traveling on a straight road
and speeding up.
• If you could stand in the aisle on roller skates, you would
start moving backward relative to the bus as the bus gains
speed.
• It looks as though Newton’s first law is not obeyed; there is
no net force acting on you, yet your velocity changes.
• The bus is accelerating with respect to the earth and is not
a suitable frame of reference for Newton’s first law.
• A frame of reference in which Newton’s first law is valid is
called an inertial frame of reference.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Crash Test Dummies
• From the frame of reference
of the car, it seems as
though a force is pushing
the crash test dummies
forward as the car comes to
a sudden stop.
• But there is really no such
force: As the car stops, the
dummies keep moving
forward as a consequence
of Newton’s first law.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
An Object Undergoing Uniform
Circular Motion
• As we have already seen, an
object in uniform circular
motion is accelerated toward
the center of the circle. So the
net external force on the
object must point toward the
center of the circle.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Force and Acceleration (1 of 2)

• The acceleration a of an object
 is directly proportional
to the net external force  F on the object.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Force and Acceleration (2 of 3)

• The acceleration a of an object
 is directly proportional
to the net external force  F on the object.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Force and Acceleration (3 of 3)

• The acceleration a of an object
 is directly proportional
to the net external force  F on the object.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Mass and Acceleration (1 of 3)
• The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional
to the object’s mass if the net external force remains
fixed.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Mass and Acceleration (2 of 3)
• The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional
to the object’s mass if the net external force remains
fixed.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Mass and Acceleration (3 of 3)
• The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional
to the object’s mass if the net external force remains
fixed.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Newton's Second Law of Motion
• The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the net external force acting on it, and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object.

• The SI unit for force is the newton (N).

1 N  1 kg  m/s2

• Video Tutor Solution: Example 4.4

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
An unbalanced force (or sum of forces) will cause a mass to accelerate.

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Systems of Units: Table 4.2
• We will use the SI system.
• In the British system, force is measured in pounds,
distance in feet, and mass in slugs.
• In the cgs system, mass is in grams, distance in
centimeters, and force in dynes.
System
of Units Force Mass Acceleration
meters per second squared
SI newton (N) kilogram (kg) m/s2
centimeters per second
cgs dyne (dyn) gram (g) cm/s
squared
2

feet per second squared

British pound (lb) slug ft/s2
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Mass and Weight
• The weight of an object (on the earth) is the gravitational
force that the earth exerts on it.
• The weight w of an object of mass m is:

• The value of g depends on altitude.

• On other planets, g will have an entirely different value
than on the earth.
• Video Tutor Demonstration: Tension in String Between Han
ging
Weights
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Relating the Mass and Weight of a
Object

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Newton's Third Law (1 of 2)

• Video Tutor Demonstration: Cart with Fan and Sail

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Newton’s Third Law

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

A Paradox?
• If an object pulls back on you just as hard as you pull on it,
how can it ever accelerate?
• Video Tutor Demonstration: Weighing a Hovering Magnet

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Newton's Third Law (2 of 2)
• The simple act of walking depends
crucially on Newton’s third law.
• To start moving forward, you push
backward on the ground with your
foot.
• As a reaction, the ground pushes
forward on your foot (and hence on
your body as a whole) with a force of
the same magnitude.
• This external force provided by the
ground is what accelerates your body
forward.
Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Free-Body Diagrams (1 of 2)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Free-Body Diagrams (2 of 2)

Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved