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Chi Square Test

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8 views

Chi Square Test

Uploaded by

manisha kale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHI-SQUARE TEST (χ²)

This Non-parametric (distribution free) test was


•

developed by Karl Pearson.

•Application:
To find out significant association between two
variables.

•e.g. Smoking and Cancer, SE status and


Incidence of a disease, Occupation and Literacy,
Vaccination and attack rate of a disease, etc...
 Criteria’s :

 Data must be qualitative


 Data must be large
 Expected frequency in any cell should
not be less than 5.
 Random samples selected from
normal population
 Required data:
 Two by two contingency table (2 rows and
2 columns) or more rows and columns
 2 X 2 table:
SMOKING NO SMOKING TOTAL
C1 C2 CT
CANCER R1 O1 (E1) O2 (E2) R1T

NO CANCER R2 O3 (E3) O4 (E4) R2T

TOTAL RT C1T C2T GT


Where
 R R and C C are the rows and columns
1 2 1 2

respectively.

 There corresponding totals are R T, R2T, C1T,


1

C2T. GT = GRAND TOTAL

 O1,O2,O3 and O4 are the observed values


(frequency) or actual values and E1 , E2, E3,
and E4 are the expected values (frequency)
Steps involved in the test:
1.State the Null hypothesis (H0) & its
alternative hypothesis (H1).

2. Find out the value of Test Statistic as


i.e. value of χ² as follows:
χ² = Σ {(O-E)² / E}
= {(O -E )²/E +(O -E )²/E +(O -E )²/E +
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

(O -E )²/E }
4 4 4
– Where E1, E2, E3 and E4 are the expected values for
observed values O1,O2,O3, and O4 in each cell each
cell.
- The values of E1, E2, E3 and E4 can be
calculated as follows:
-
E1 = R1T X C1T / GT
- E2 = R1T X C2T / GT
- E3 = R2T X C1T / GT
- E4 = R2T X C2T / GT
3.To determine the probability values of Chi-
square at 5% and 1% level of significance,
first find out degrees of freedom (d.f.) as
follows:
d. f. = (R-1 ) X (C-1)
Where, R=No. of rows and C=No. of
columns.
4. Then, to accept or reject the null hypothesis
find out Table values of Chi-square at 5% and
1% level of significance and compare with
actual values of Chi-square.
Example No.1:
A study of vaccination against measles were
conducted in a village. Out of 500
vaccinated 14 showed attacks of measles.
And out of 400 not vaccinated 27 showed
attacks of measles.

Apply a suitable test to find out any


significant association between vaccination
and attack rate of measles.
Solution: Given data is qualitative, sample size is
large.
Given data as follows:
MEASLES NO TOTAL
MEASLES
C1 C2 CT
VACCINATE 14 486 500
D R1 O1 (E1) O2 (E2) R1T
NO 27 373 400
VACCINATE O3 (E2) O4 (E4) R2T
D R2
TOTAL RT 41 859 900
C1T C2T GT
Steps involving in the test:

1.Null hypothesis (H0): There is no


significant association between vaccination and
attacks of measles

2. Find out the value of Test Statistic as i.e. value


of χ² as follows:
χ² = Σ {(O-E)² / E}
- The values of E1,E2,E3 and E4 can be calculated as
follows:
-
E1 = R1T X C1T / GT = 500 x 41/900= 22.77

- E2 = R1T X C2T / GT = 500 x 859/900 = 477.22

- E3 = R2T X C1T / GT = 400 x 41/900= 18.22

- E4 = R2T X C2T / GT =400 x 859/900= 381.77


Then applying Chi-square test as follows:

χ² = Σ {(O-E)² / E}={(O1-E1)²/E1+(O2-E2)²/E2 +

(O3-E3)²/E3 + (O4-E4)²/E4}
= (14-22.77)² / 22.77 + (486-477.22)² / 477.22 +
(27-18.22)² / 18.22 + (373-381.77)² / 381.77
= 3.38+0.16+4.23+0.20
i.e. χ² = 7.97
3. To determine probability,

d.f.=(R-1)x(C-1)= (2-1) x (2-1) = 1x1= 1.

- Now compare with table value of χ² at 5% and


1% level of significance i.e. 3.84 and 6.63
respectively
- Calculated value of χ² = 7.97 > 3.84 and 6.63
table value of χ² at 1 d.f. at 5% (3.84) and 1%
(6.63) level of significance, then reject Null
hypothesis H0.

– Thus, there is a highly significant


association between vaccination and attack
rate of measles. (p<0.01)
Example No.2: Following data showing the
association between literacy and sex. Apply
a suitable test of significance.
(Table values of Chi-square =3.84 and 6.63 at 5% and 1% l.s.)

Male Female Total

Literate 120 80 200


Illiteratee 430 170 600
Total 550 250 800
Example No.3:Following data showing the mortality
in relation to rabies for two hospitals. Apply a
suitable test of significance.
(Table values of Chi-square =3.84 and 6.63 at 5% and 1% l. s.)

No. of pts. No. of deaths Total


Admission

Hospital A 740 100 840


Hospital B 600 82 682

Total 1340 182 1522

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