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ch01 Principles of Gerontology

The first time the team had had the opportunity was when the

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سلطان محمد فوزي سلمان
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3 views

ch01 Principles of Gerontology

The first time the team had had the opportunity was when the

Uploaded by

سلطان محمد فوزي سلمان
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gerontological Nursing

Fourth Edition

Chapter 1
Principles of Gerontology

Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Myths of Aging (1 of 2)
• Being old means being sick.
• Most older people are set in their ways and cannot learn
new things or take up new activities.
• Health promotion is wasted on older people.
• Older adults do not pull their own weight and are a drain
on societal resources
• Older people are isolated and lonely.
• Older people have no interest in sex.
BOX 1-2 Benefits of Healthy Aging
• Creativity and confidence are enhanced.

• Coping ability increases.

• Gratitude‫ شكر‬and appreciation deepen.

• Confidence increases with less reliance on the approval of others.

• Self-understanding and acceptance increase.

• Opportunity to enjoy more time with family and friends arises.


Demographics and Aging (1 of 3)
• The proportion of persons over the age of 60 is projected to double worldwide over the
next 50 years.

• During the next 13 years, 74 million baby boomers will retire. Medicare and Social
Security will add 10,000 new retirees per day.

• During the next decade, increased life expectancy will add to the numbers of aging
baby boomers and increase the total numbers in the middle-old category.
Demographics and Aging (3 of 3)
• The old-old are the fastest growing segment of the population, growing at twice the
rate of those ages 65 and over and four times faster than the total U.S. population.
This group will triple by 2060.
Longevity and the Gender
Differential
• Women comprise the majority of the older population.

• In the U.S., the ratio of men to women over the age of 65 is 49 men to every 100 women.

• Older women face different socio-economic circumstances than men as they age.
Life After Age 65
• Health care has improved.

• There has been an increase in the use of preventive services.

• People are choosing healthier lifestyles.

• Medicare has expanded coverage of preventive services.

• The older adult should be urged to assume more responsibility for healthy aging.
Living Longer or Living Better
• In 2013, the death rate for 7 of the 10 leading causes of death declined significantly.

• Heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes
cause two-thirds of all deaths each year.
Figure 1-5
Most Common Causes of Disability
in the United States
• Heart Disease and Stroke—$157 billion

• Diabetes Care—$176 billion

• Arthritis and related conditions—$128 billion

• Obesity—$147 billion

• Smoking-related illness—$289 billion

• Alcohol abuse—$223.5 billion

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016).


Healthy People 2020 (1 of 2)
• Healthy People 2020 is the prevention agenda for the United States. Goals are to:
– Attain high, longer lives free of preventable disease, injury, and premature death.
– Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
– Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
– Promote quality of life, healthy development, and health behaviors across all life
stages.
Theories of Aging (1 of 2)
• The study of aging continues to grow and evolve.

• Normal aging includes:


– Changes in the heart, arteries, lungs, brain, kidneys, bladder, body fat, muscles,
bones, sight, hearing, and personality.

• Generally, each body system is affected by aging.

• Modifiable changes can be slowed by exercise, good nutrition, and other elements of a
healthy lifestyle.
Figure 1-9
Major Theories of Aging
• Biological

• Psychological

• Sociological
Biological Aging Theories
• Programmed Theories
– Aging follows a biological timetable

• Error Theories
– Emphasizes environmental assaults to the human system
Psychological Aging Theories
• Jung’s Theory of Individualism
– As a person ages, the shift of focus goes from extroversion‫ االنبساط‬to
introversion‫االنطواء‬.

• Erikson’s Developmental Theory


– Eight stages of life – the older adult, ego integrity versus despair.
Integrity, also known as ego integrity, refers to a person's ability to look back on
their life with a sense of accomplishment and fulfillment.
Despair, refers to looking back on life with feelings of regret, shame, or
disappointment.
Sociological Aging Theories
• Disengagement Theory
– The older person and society engage in a mutual and reciprocal withdrawal.

• Activity Theory
– Older adults stay active and engaged to age successfully.

• Continuity Theory
– Aging involves maintaining previous values and habits.
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