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Artificial Intligence

artificial intilgence introduction

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7 views

Artificial Intligence

artificial intilgence introduction

Uploaded by

mehboobarshad300
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE
WEEK02
Some text and images in these slides were drawn from
Russel & Norvig’s published material

Jun 25, 2024 1


Today’s Agenda

■ History of AI
■ Rational Agents
■ Environments Types

Jun 25, 2024 2


HISTORY OF AI
From Book..

Jun 25, 2024 3


Foundations of AI

■ Philosophy: logic, mind, knowledge


■ Mathematics: proof, computability, probability
■ Economics: maximizing payoffs
■ Neuroscience: brain and neurons
■ Psychology: thought, perception, action
■ Control Theory: stable feedback systems
■ Linguistics: knowledge representation, syntax

4
Brief History of AI

■ 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model


of brain
■ 1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and
Intelligence”
■ 1952—69: Look, Ma, no hands!
■ 1950s: Early AI programs, including Samuel's
checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic
Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine
■ 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial
Intelligence” adopted
5
Brief History of AI

■ 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for


logical reasoning
■ 1966—74: AI discovers computational
complexity; Neural network research almost
disappears
■ 1969—79: Early development of knowledge-
based systems
■ 1980—88: Expert systems industry booms
■ 1988—93: Expert systems industry busts: `”AI
Winter”
6
Brief History of AI
■ 1985—95: Neural networks return to popularity
■ 1988— Resurgence of probability; general increase in technical
depth, “Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computing
■ 1995— Agents…

7
Impact of AI on Our Life

■ Recommendations
■ Health Care
■ Social Media
■ Self Driving Cars
■ Human Behavior
■ …All based on logical reasoning.

Jun 25, 2024 8


What a machine need to be intelligent

■ Reasoning
■ Learning
■ Problem Solving
■ Perception

Jun 25, 2024 9


What is Artificial Intelligence?

■ Definitions of AI vary
■ Artificial Intelligence is the study of systems that

think like humans think rationally

act like humans act rationally

Jun 25, 2024 10


Systems Acting like Humans

■ Turing test: test for intelligent behaviour


– Interrogator writes questions and receives answers
– System providing the answers passes the test if interrogator cannot tell whether
the answers come from a person or not

■ Necessary components of such a system form major AI sub-disciplines:


– Natural language
– knowledge representation
– Automated reasoning
– Machine learning

Jun 25, 2024 11


Systems Thinking like Humans
■ Formulate a theory of mind/brain
■ Express the theory in a computer program
■ Two Approaches:

Cognitive Science &


Cognitive Neuroscience
Psychology

Observing
Testing
Neurological data

Predicting responses Brainer: what is


of human subjects neural network?

Jun 25, 2024 12


Systems Acting Rationally
■ Building systems that carry out actions to achieve the best outcome

■ Rational behaviour

■ May or may not involve rational thinking


– i.e., consider reflex actions

■ This is the definition we will adopt

Jun 25, 2024 13


AI & AGENTS

Jun 25, 2024 14


Agents
■ An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment
through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators

■ Human agent: eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors; hands, legs,
mouth, and other body parts for actuators

■ Robotic agent: cameras and infrared range finders for sensors;


various motors for actuators

Jun 25, 2024 15


Intelligent Agents
■ Agent: anything that perceives and acts on its environment
■ AI: study of rational agents
■ A rational agent carries out an action with the best outcome after considering past
and current precepts

Jun 25, 2024 16


Agent Function
■ a = F(p)
where p is the current percept, a is the action carried out, and F is the agent function

■ F maps percept to actions:


F: P  A
where P is the set of all precepts', and A is the set of all actions

In general, an action may depend on all preceptions observed so far, not just
the current percept, so…see next slide

Jun 25, 2024 17


Agent Function Refined

ak = F(p0 p1 p2 …pk)

where p0 p1 p2 …pk is the sequence of percepts observed to date, ak is the


resulting action carried out

F: P* -> A
the agent function maps from percept histories to actions

Jun 25, 2024 18


Vacuum-cleaner world

■ Percepts: location and contents, e.g., [A,Dirty]


■ Actions:
– Left
– Right
– Suck
– NoOp

Jun 25, 2024 19


Rational agents
■ An agent should strive to "do the right thing", based on what it can perceive and the actions
it can perform. The right action is the one that will cause the agent to be most successful

■ Performance measure: An objective criterion for success of an agent's behavior

■ Example: Performance measure of a vacuum-cleaner agent could be:

 amount of dirt cleaned up,

 amount of time taken,

 amount of electricity consumed,

 amount of noise generated, etc.

Jun 25, 2024 20


Rational agents
Rational Agent: For each possible percept sequence, a rational agent should select an
action that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence
provided by the percept sequence and whatever built-in knowledge the agent has.

 Rationality is distinct from omniscience (knowing everything or infinite


knowledge)

 Information Gathering / Exploration: Agents can perform actions in order to


modify future percepts so as to obtain useful information

 An agent is autonomous if its behavior is determined by its own experience (with


ability to learn and adapt)

Jun 25, 2024 21


PEAS

■ PEAS: Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, Sensors

■ Must first specify the setting for intelligent agent design

■ Consider, e.g., the task of designing an automated taxi driver:


– Performance measure

– Environment

– Actuators

– Sensors

Jun 25, 2024 22


PEAS
■ Must first specify the setting for intelligent agent design

■ Consider, e.g., the task of designing an automated taxi driver:


– Performance measure: Safe, fast, legal, comfortable trip, maximize profits

– Environment: Roads, other traffic, pedestrians, customers

– Actuators: Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, signal, horn

– Sensors: Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, engine sensors,


keyboard

Jun 25, 2024 23


PEAS: example 1
■ Agent: Medical diagnosis system
■ Performance measure: Healthy patient, minimize costs, lawsuits
■ Environment: Patient, hospital, staff
■ Actuators: Screen display (questions, tests, diagnoses, treatments, referrals)
■ Sensors: Keyboard (entry of symptoms, findings, patient's answers)

Jun 25, 2024 24


PEAS: example 2
■ Agent: Part-picking robot
■ Performance measure: Percentage of parts in correct bins
■ Environment: Conveyor belt with parts, bins
■ Actuators: Jointed arm and hand
■ Sensors: Camera, joint angle sensors

Jun 25, 2024 25


PEAS: example 3

■ Agent: Interactive English tutor


■ Performance measure: Maximize student's score on test
■ Environment: Set of students
■ Actuators: Screen display (exercises, suggestions, corrections)
■ Sensors: Keyboard

Jun 25, 2024 26

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