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Lecture 3 - Summer 2023-24

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4 views

Lecture 3 - Summer 2023-24

Uploaded by

Mehedy Hasan Ridoy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 19:The Kinetic Theory of Gases

(Fundamental of Physics, 10th edition)

 4 lectures (two weeks, 8 hours) for this chapter:

• Lecture 3: Avogadro number, ideal gas concept, work done by an ideal gas and
related problems. Quiz 1 (on chapter 18) for 30 minutes.
• Lecture 4: Pressure, temperature and rms speed, translational kinetic energy and
related problems, degrees of freedom, Internal energy of monoatomic gas.
• Lecture 5: Molar specific heat at constant volume for an ideal gas, molar specific
heat at constant pressure for an ideal gas, relation between Cp and CV , related
problems.
• Lecture 6: Quiz 2 (on Lecture 1, 2 and 3). Adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas and
related problems. Topic distribution and submission date announcement for the
assignment.
Lecture 3
19-1 Avogadro’s number, NA :
It is experimentally found that, one mole of a substance contains NA (Avogadro’s
number) elementary units (usually atoms or molecules).
• 1 mole of a substance contains, NA = 6.023 x 1023 elementary units
• 1 mole of He contains, NA = 6.023 x 1023 atoms
n mole of He contains total number of atoms, N = nNA atoms
• 1 mole of O2 contains, NA= 6.023 x 1023 molecules
n mole of O2 contains, total number of molecules, N = nNA molecules
• One molar mass M of any substance is the mass of one mole of the substance.
1 molar mass, M = mNA where m is the mass of 1 atom or molecule
n molar mass (sample mass), Msam = mN= m(nNA) = n(mNA) = nM
• Number of moles,
n= =

• Quick Check: NA = Avogadro’s number, N= total number of atoms/molecule in the sample,


n= number of moles per sample, m= mass per atom/molecule,
Msam = sample mass, M= molar mass.
Check Point: do it by yourself!
• The mass of a sample of hydrogen gas is 50 g and the mass of its one
molecule is kg. Calculate its
i) Molar mass,
ii) Number of mole,
iii) Total number of molecules.
19-2 Ideal gases:
• There is no such thing in nature as a truly ideal gas, all real gases approach the ideal state at low enough
densities. Their molecules are far enough apart that they do not interact with one another. Experiments show
that, at low enough densities, all real gases tend to obey the relation
(ideal gas law)
where p is the pressure, n is the number of moles, T is the temperature in Kalvin and
R (= 8.31 J/mol.K) is the molar gas constant.
• Alternative form of ideal gas law:
Boltzmann constant, k is defined as J/K
As , we find the second/alternative expression of ideal gas law as
(ideal gas law)
where N is the number of atoms/molecule in the gas.
• Note that the difference between the two expressions for the ideal gas law involves the number of moles, n and
the number of molecules/atoms, N.
• Ideal gas law, relates the macroscopic properties (pressure, volume and temperature), helps us to deduce
many properties of ideal gas in simple ways. Thus, the ideal gas concept allows us to gain useful insights into
the limiting behavior of real gases.
19-2 Work done by an ideal gas at constant temperature:

• Suppose that we allow the ideal gas to expand from an initial


volume Vi to a final volume Vf while we keep the temperature T
of the gas constant. Such a process, at constant temperature,
is called an isothermal expansion (and the reverse is called an
isothermal compression).

• The general expression for the work done during any change in volume
of any gas: W.
From the ideal gas law we define the pressure as and putting it in the
general expression we get

W
Work done by an ideal gas at constant temperature:
The general expression, that we have learnt, for work done for an ideal gas at
constant temperature:

Some findings:

• For an expansion, , W is positive.


• For a compression, , W is negative.
• At constant volume:
= 0, W=0.
• At constant pressure:
W , here V= - .
4. A quantity of ideal gas at 10.0 0C and 100 kPa occupies a volume of 2.50 m 3. (a) How many moles of the gas are present? (b) If the pressure is now raised to 300 kPa and the temperature is raised to 30.0 0C,
how much volume does the gas occupy? Assume no leaks.

Solution:
(a) piVi = nRTi ------------------(1)

106.24 mol

(b) pfVf = nRTf ………………….(2)

Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2), we get

𝑉 𝑖 𝑃 𝑖 𝑇 𝑓 1 ×105 ×2.5 0 ×303.15 𝟑


𝑉 𝑓= = =𝟎 .𝟖𝟗 𝒎
𝑃𝑓 𝑇𝑖 5
3 × 10 ×283.15
7. Suppose 1.80 mol of an ideal gas is taken from a volume of 3.00 m3 to a
volume of 1.50 m3 via an isothermal compression at 30 0C. (a) How much energy
is transferred as heat during the compression, and (b) is the transfer to or from
the gas?
Solution:
For an isothermal process temperature remains constant so we can consider,
, thus the first law of thermodynamics becomes

W=Q (First law of thermodynamics, isothermal process)

(a) The transferred heat energy,

(b) As we have got negative amount of heat, the heat is transferred from the gas.
Problems for Practice

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