Telecom industry

Components

• complex networks,
• telephones,
• mobile phones
• Internet-linked PCs
• the global system touches nearly all of us.
• allows us to speak, share thoughts
• do business
 Market

• Residential and SME markets (the

toughest).
• 100s of players in the market,
• competitors rely heavily on price
• success  brand image
• investment in efficient billing systems.

• Corporate customers
• Concern QoS +reliability (telephone calls
+ data delivery)
• less price-sensitive
 Market

• MNCs :
• CapEx (telecom infrastructure) : high
• Aim : to support far-flung operations.
• Premium services: hi-security private
networks +videoconferencing.

• Providing network connectivity to

• other telecom companies
• ISPs
• large corporations
Channelization
 CHANNELIZATION
available bandwidth of a link is shared in

time :Time-Division Multiple Access

(TDMA),

Frequency: Frequency-Division
Multiple Access (FDMA)

Code: Code-Division Multiple Access

(CDMA)

between different stations.

The application of these methods in cellular phone systems.

 GSM
(global system for mobile
communications)
 Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)

Allows streaming of data

The available bandwidth of the common channel is divided
into bands that are separated by guard bands
 Time-division multiple access (TDMA)

The bandwidth is just one channel that is timeshared

between different stations.
CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access)
Simple idea of communication with code

In CDMA, one channel carries all

transmissions simultaneously.
 CDMA

Stn 1  stn 2 talking

Stn 2 wants to LISTEN to Stn 1

c c c
Multiply i* j where i =Sender’s code; Data*c
1
c
j = Receiver’s code

Result =4*d
1
 Chip sequences

CDMA based on coding theory

Each stn given a code sequence of numbers called chips

• Each has N elements, i.e., no of stations

• 2. [ +1 +1 -1 -1] = [ +2 + 2 – 2 -2]……………..Scalar product

• [+1 + 1 -1 -1].[+1 + 1 -1 -1] =1+1+1+1 =4………..Inner products

• [+1 +1 -1 -1]. [+1 +1 +1 +1]=1+1-1-1=0……………….Inner products

Data representation in CDMA
Sharing channel in CDMA
Digital signal created by four stations in CDMA
Decoding of the composite signal for one in CDMA

Stn 3 wants to listen to Stn 2

[-1 -1 -3 +1] .[+1 - 1 +1 -1]

Code of stn 2
=-4/4

=-1

=0
Walsh Table….CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access)
 General rule and examples of creating Walsh’s table

Each row is a sequence of chips

The number of sequences in a Walsh needs to be N = 2m.

 Question

Find the chips for a network with

a. 8 stations
b. 10 stations
 Question

What is the number of sequences if we have 90 stations in

our network?
 Answer

What is the number of sequences if we have 90 stations in

our network?

Solution
The number of sequences needs to be 2m.
We need to choose m = 7 and N = 27 or 128.
We can then use 90 of the sequences as the chips.
Wireless: Basics
Components of cellular network architecture

MSC
 connects cells to wide area net
 manages call setup
handles mobility
cell
 covers geographical
region
 base station (BS) Mobile
analogous to 802.11 AP Switching
Center
 mobile users attach Public telephone
to network through BS network, and
 air-interface: Internet
physical and link layer Mobile
protocol between Switching
mobile and BS Center

wired network
 Cellular networks: the first hop

Two techniques for

sharing mobile-to-BS
radio spectrum
• combined
time slots
FDMA/TDMA: divide
spectrum in frequency
channels, divide each frequency
channel into time slots bands

• CDMA: code division

multiple access
Frequency reuse patterns
 Wireless evolution

0 TDMA/FDMA
CDMA-200
GPRS EDGE UMTS
IS-136
GSM IS-95 Don’t drown in a bowl
of alphabet soup: use this
for reference only !!
 AMPS (1G)

Control = 21 channels
Data = 395 channels
Total = 416 channels ( 1 provider)

AMPS (Advanced Mobile phone system) is an analog

cellular phone system using FDMA.
 2G systems
• voice channels

• IS-136 TDMA: combined FDMA/TDMA (North

America)

• GSM (Global system for mobile

communications): combined FDMA/TDMA
– most widely deployed

• IS-95 CDMA: code division multiple access

 2.5 G systems
• voice and data channels
• for those who can’t wait for 3G service: 2G
extensions
• general packet radio service (GPRS)
– evolved from GSM
– data sent on multiple channels (if available)
• enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE)
– also evolved from GSM, using enhanced modulation
– Date rates up to 384K
• CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
– data rates up to 144K
– evolved from IS-95
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service )
Packet
Internet applications Control
Unit
(web browsing, chatting)

file transfer

home automation

maximum speeds = 171.2 kbps Gateway

GPRS
Always On: support
node
GPRS facilitates instant
connections, subject to radio Serving GPRS
Support Node
coverage. GPRS Tunnel
Find BSC Protocol

No dial-up modem to “route”

through. “last port of call”
connection is necessary.
Gateway,
Router, Firewall
Banking on the wave
Banking on the road
EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evolution)
bit-rates = 250 kbit/s

end-to-end latency < 150 ms.

Standardized in 3GPP as part

of the GSM/WCDMA family

cost-efficient upgrade
3times increase
capacity and performance of
GSM/GPRS networks.

 EDGE is four times as efficient

as GPRS
base station and BSC/PCU
software needs to be updated.
3GPP=3G partnership projects
 Bridging the GRPS and 3G gap
EDGE-enabled services  +ve data
Average Revenue Per User (ARPU)
contribution.

Mobile data services

differentiation

Attract new customer segments

 reduce churn.

Mobile operators need a business

model based on differentiated service
levels

Market segmentation strategy.

 3G systems:
• voice/data

• Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service

(UMTS)
– GSM next step, but using CDMA

• CDMA-2000
• W-CDMA (wideband CDMA)
• TD-CDMA

…..
 Use
• NTT DoCoMo in Japan has implemented 3G wireless
network called FOMA (freedom of Multimedia
Access) in selected areas of Japan during 2001
 Use

• Apple iPhone…………3G implementation

• 3G technology gives iPhone fast
access to the Internet and email
over cellular networks around the
world.
• iPhone 3G also makes it possible to
do more :
– Surf the web,
– download email,
– get directions,
– watch video
 3G systems

•Motorola developed
iDEN,
•a GSM upgrade
•data rates of 64 Kbps
•N-America and S.
America,
•China and Japan.
HSCSD (High Speed
Circuit Switched Data

Stationary applications …….2.05 Mbps

Slow moving users………….384 Kbps
Users in vehicle………….….128 Kbps
 CDMA 2000
This technology is a CDMA upgrade.

CDMA2000 migration path:

CDMA2000 1X, (considered as 2.5G)

Data rates of 153.6 Kbps (maximum sub-3G )

CDMA2000 1X EV-DO (1x evolution, data only)

Data rates of 2.4 Mbps (down) and 153 Kbps (up)

CDMA2000 1X EV-DDV (1x evolution, data and voice),

Data rates of 3.1 Mbps (down) and 1.8 Mbps (up)

CDMA2000 3x (Multicarrier)
Data rates 2-4 Mbps.
W-CDMA (Wideband code-division multiple access)

• an ITU standard derived from CDMA,

• known as IMT-2000 direct spread.

• deployed in Europe and Japan,

• uses a 5-MHz-wide channel,

• data rates = 2 Mbps downstream (max).

• increases GSM’s data rates by using CDMA, instead of

GSM’s (TDMA)

• However, WCDMA uses different protocols than CDMA

 HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)
• uses a higher modulation rate+ advanced coding+ and
other techniques to improve performance.

• similar to WCDMA techno

• software upgrade at WCDMA base station only

• Both techno operate in the 2.1-GHz frequency range.

• Theoretical download rates =14.4 Mbps

• Actual download rates = 1.0 Mbps

• HSDPA addresses only downstream transmissions (i.e.,

Internet access not videoconferencing).

• High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) .

3G PDA costs

*
*
*
 HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)

• Carriers :

• UK’s Orange, O2, and Vodafone;

• Japan’s NTT DoCoMo;

• US’s Cingular Wireless

• HSDPA equipment
– LG Electronics and Nortel Networks

– such as base stations and handsets.

Sale of handsets with these cellular techniques
 4G systems:
• voice/data/ multimedia
• Wireless broadband
• Wimax

…..