STEEL

STRUCTURE
S
BQS 502 Construction Technology III

Mohd Arif Marhani

A377
0193105479
Centre of Studies for Quantity Surveying
 o Introduction
o Advantages &
Disadvantages
o Erection of Steel
Components
o Principles of Structural
Steel Frames
o Structural Steel Shape
o Connections
o Fire protection
CONTENT o Case studies
INTRODUCTION
o Steel frame usually refers to as building
technique with a skeleton frame of vertical
steel columns & horizontal I beam,
constructed in a rectangular grid to support
the floors, walls & roof of a building, which
are all attached to the frame
o The development of this technique made the
construction of skyscraper possible; a great
deal of detailing work is necessary before a
steel frame can be erected
 ADVANTAGES VS
DISADVANTAGES OF
STEEL
Advantages Disadvantages
o Can be totally prefabricated off o Inaccuracies in manufacture not
site uncommon
o Complex structure can be trial o Great care in detailing & erection
erected at the point of manufacture are necessary
o Not subject to significant damage o Safe working conditions may be
in transit & handling difficult to achieve
o Capable of pre-erection into sub- o Expensive material (much more
assemblies on the ground to save expensive than masonry or
erection time in the air concrete)
o Erection generally straightforward o Corrosion
o Long term retention of strength o Needs fire protection
properties o Require special labour
o Lighter foundation needs
compared to concrete
ADVANTAGES OF
STEEL STRUCTURES
o High quality & aesthetic o Construction with steel is
o Lower maintenance costs sustainable to
o Steel is environmentally temperature effects, etc.
friendly o Rigid in structure &
o Components can be used dimensionally stable
again & again o Can be re-used without
o Steel components are effecting the environment
frequently functional o Very fast compared to
o Steel construction is other materials
strong, durable & stable o Resistant to termites &
o Steel construction other destructive insects
promotes good design &
safety
ERECTION OF STEEL
COMPONENTS
o Two methods are used for raising the steel components into
place:
 Mobile crane
 Mobile cranes operate around the outside of the
building
 Erection is limited by the height & reach of the boom
 Tower crane
 Rest either on a building or on the ground
 Made up of a vertical tower with a horizontal jib,
which can rotate 3600
ERECTION OF STEEL
COMPONENTS

Mobile crane Tower crane

TERMS
o Web
o Flange
o Brace
o Girder
o Plate
o Gusset
o Bolts & Nuts
o Weld
o Rivet
o Splice
 o As any other frame types,
structural steel frame must be
considered from two point of
view:
 The strength of the
individual sections that
make up the frame
 The overall stability of
the frame
o Structural steel frame can be
categorised into two basic
types:
 Braced frame
 Un-braced frame
o Concept of brace frames
implies that some type of
lateral bracing is used to

PRINCIPLES OF prevent horizontal

movement of the frame

STRUCTURAL o In un-braced frame, the

stiffness of the load-carrying

STEEL FRAMES sections in the assembled

frame must resist the
horizontal movement
 BASIC
STEEL
FRAME
LAYOU
oTSkeleton ‘cage’ -
consist of universal
beams & stanchions
with the members
standardised &
weight kept to a
minimum
o Since steel frame is
made up of one-way
spanning, a
rectangular grid is
most economical
BASIC
STEEL
FRAME
LAYOUT
o
Cantilever
frame - the
optimum
projection for
the cantilever
bays, 1/5 – 1/4
of the overall
length
BASIC STEEL
FRAME
LAYOUT
o Propped cantilever frame -
the cantilever projections
are made longer – floor
space is uninterrupted –
wind stresses at stanchions
are high due to the short
distance.
o Therefore, this method is
justified where good lateral
bracing is incorporated
e.g., Lift shafts, gable walls
to withstand the stresses.
The outer end can be simply
supported by props or struts
 VARIATION
S OF STEEL
STRUCTUR
AL
SHAPE/CRO
SS
oSECTIONS
S or I Shaped
o W or H Shaped
o Plates HSS
(Hollow
Structural
Section)
o T Shaped
o Angles
o Channels
MOST
COMMON
STEEL
STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS
UNIVER
SAL
BEAM
o Range of
sections
supplied with
tapered or
parallel flange
JOIST
o This is a range
of small size
beams, which
have tapered
flanges
o Useful for
lintels & small
frames around
openings
UNIVERSAL
COLUMNS
o Rolled with parallel flange & designated in
the same manner as universal beam
o Column sections can act as beam &
conversely a beam section can act as column
 o Rolled with
tapered flange
o Can be used for
trimming &
bracing
members or as
substitute for
joist sections

CHANNELS
T BARS
o Used for the same purpose of
angles & are available as rolled
sections with a short or long
stalk or alternatively can be cut
from a standard universal beam
& column
ANGLES
o Light framing & bracing sections
with parallel flange
o The flange or leg length can be
equal or unequal
HOLLOW
STRUCTURAL
SECTION
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL
STRUCTURE
Hot rolled Cold rolled
o Also known as Standard o Pressed or rolled to shape from
Structural Steel Sections thin steel strip & known as
o Standardised in shape & pressed steel or cold rolled
dimension steel
o Used in all types of frame o Can be formed to almost any
shape
o Strength varies by the use of
different thickness of sheet steel
o Most efficiently used in low
rise frames of moderate spans
& loading
o Cheaper than hot rolled
CONNECTION
FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL
CONNECTIONS
o Connected whether by riveting, welding or
bolting.
o A connection is not designed on a rational
basis as the structural members are designed
according to empirical methods based on
successful experience
CONNECTIONS
o Holes are punched or drilled
through the members to be
connected, and a steel rivet
slightly smaller than the holes
is heated to a cherry red colour
(1000°-1950°F) & inserted
through the holes
o The head is braced & the shank
end is hammered until it
flattens to a head, compressing
the members between the two
rivet heads
o Cooling of the rivet causes the
rivet to shorten, compressing
the members still further
WELDED
CONNECTI
ONS
o Savings in weight of steel &
allowances should be made in
the design of the frame for the
effects of rigid connection
o The economies are due to:
 elimination of bolt holes
 simpler connection
 the possibility of developing
fully rigid end connections
leading to the use of lighter
members
 cleaner & neater joints
 o Manufactured with a head at one
end & threads at the other end to
which a nut can be threaded
o Washers may be used
BOLTED o A tightening of the nut pulls the
bolt with a tensile force & presses
CONNEC inward on the two members
TIONS o In many connections where little
strength is required & there are no
vibrations, impact loads, or stress
cycles, common bolts should be used
because they are less expensive &
easier to install
ERECTION OF
STEEL FRAMES
Anchor Bolts
o The successful erection of a steel frame
depends to a considerable extent on the
proper positioning of the anchor bolts
o They are cast into the concrete foundation
to hold the first member of a steel frame to
be placed, the column bearing plates
Bearing plates
o Is a steel plates of various thickness in
which holes have been drilled to receive
anchor bolts
o Plates are marked on the axis lines of their
four edges to allow positioning by a
survey instrument
 Columns
o First tier columns are the next
group of members to be erected
o HP shapes, are often chosen for
columns
Girders
o The primary horizontal
members of a frame span from
column to column & support
intermediate floor beams
o Carry wall & partition loads as
well as the point loads
transmitted to them by the
beams
o Rolled W shapes or three – plate
welded I shapes are normally
ERECTION OF used as girders
Beams
STEEL FRAMES o Generally smaller than girders,
may be connected to either a
column or a girder
TUTORIAL 6
Please choose one (1) factor from the advantages of
steel structures & elaborate it.
 Base
Beam to STEEL
column
connection
connection STRUCT
s
s URE
MEMBE
Column
Beam to
beam
RS
splices connection CONNEC
s TION
BASE
CONNECTIONS
o The slab or bloom base & the gusset base
o The end of the column & the upper surface of the
base plate should be machined to give a good interface
contact when using a bloom base
o The base plate & column can be connected together by
using cleats or by fillet welding
o The gusset base is composed of a number of members
which reduce the thickness of the base plate
o A machined interface between column & base plate will
enable all the components to work in conjunction with
another
o The base is joined to the foundation by holding down
bolts
o Column steel wedges are inserted between the
underside of the base plate & the top of the foundation
BEAM TO
COLUMN
CONNECTIONS
o Simple connections where load
is transmitted to the column
through a seating cleat
o Usual method employed is the
semi rigid connection by
means of top cleats &/or web
cleats
o A fully rigid connection detail,
which gives the greatest
economy on section sizes, is
made by welding the beam to
the column
COLUMN
SPLICES
o These are made at floor levels
but above the beam
connections
o The method used will depend
upon the relative column
sections
o Method used will depend upon the
relative depths of the beam concerned
o Deep beams receiving small secondary
beams can have a shelf angle connection
whereas other depths will need to be
connected by web cleats

BEAM TO BEAM
CONNECTIONS
 FIRE
PROTEC
TION
in structural steel
FIRE PROTECTION
o Passive fire protection materials insulate
steel structures from the effects of the high
temperatures that may be generated in fire.
o They can be divided into two types:
1. Non-reactive – of which the most
common types are boards & sprays,
2. Reactive, of which thin film
intumescent coatings are the most
common example. Thin film
intumescent coatings in turn can be
either on-site or off-site applied
INTUMESCENT COATINGS
o Intumescent coatings are paint like materials which
are inert at low temperatures but which provide
insulation as a result of a complex chemical reaction
at temperatures of approximately 200-250°C
o At these temperatures the properties of steel will
not be affected. As a result of this reaction they
swell & provide an expanded layer of low
conductivity char.
o Intumescent coatings can be divided into two broad
families thin film & thick film:
1. Thin film materials are either solvent based or
water based & are mainly used for cellulosic fire
conditions
2. Thick film intumescent coatings were originally
developed for the off-shore & hydrocarbon
industries but have been modified for use in
 THIN FILM
INTUMESCENT
COATING
o Thin film intumescent coating systems generally have three
components, a primer, a basecoat (the part which reacts in the fire)
& a sealer coat. They are mainly used in buildings where the fire
resistance requirements are 30, 60 & 90 minutes. In recent years, a
number of products have been developed which can provide 120
minutes fire resistance
o They can be applied either on-site or off-site
o In general, most on-site application is carried out using water-based
materials
o However, where the structure to which the material is applied is not
to have an end use in a dry, heated environment, solvent based
materials are commonly used
o Solvent based materials also tend to be able to cover a wider range
of section factors than water-based materials & can be used on-site
to protect smaller sections requiring high thicknesses
o Both solvent based & water-based coatings can be used to achieve
attractive surface finishes
o If a decorative or bespoke finish is required, this should be included
in the specification
o Thin film intumescents have the added advantages that they can
easily cover complex shapes & post-protection service
installation is relatively simple
 THICK FILM
INTUMESCENT COATINGS
o Thick film intumescent coatings are usually epoxy based &
typically have a much higher dry film thickness than thin film
alternatives
o These materials are tough & durable, & were originally developed
for use with hydrocarbon fires, where the test heating regime is
much more severe than that used for most industrial and commercial
applications
o A number of manufacturers have modified their materials for use in
cellulosic fires
o These modified materials are usually used in situations where the
benefits of intumescent coatings in terms of appearance, weight &
thickness are required but where circumstances are too severe, or
maintenance too difficult, to allow the use of thin film materials
o Typical recent examples have occurred in external steel in high rise
buildings & exposed marine environments
o Expansion ratios for thick film intumescents are much lower than
for thin film materials, typically about 5:1
o Aesthetic finishes are possible & it can also be supplied in the form
of preformed casings
o Thick film intumescent coatings can also be applied off-site
OFF SITE APPLIED
INTUMESCENT COATINGS
The process
usually involves 1. Quicker construction
application in a 2. Improved quality control
large, well
ventilated & 3. Reduction in site
heated facility disruption
remote from the 4. Cleaner sites
construction 5. Improved site safety
site. It has a
number of
6. Easier servicing
distinct installation
advantages:
 OFF SITE APPLIED
INTUMESCENT
COATINGS
o Specifiers should be aware that off-site applied thin film intumescent
coatings are used mainly for non-aesthetic end uses
o Aesthetic finishes are possible, & have been achieved, using off-site
application but it requires an additional level of care & attention
o This is because some damage in transit is inevitable, even though
applicators work to minimise it
o It is difficult (but not of course impossible) to repair damage to match
the appearance of the rest of the coating but this adds a layer of
complexity to the work
o Applying thin film intumescent coatings off-site is a specialised task
o The Association for Specialist Fire Protection publishes a guidance
document to assist specifiers
o Off-site application is more expensive than its on-site equivalent in
terms of up-front costs but the value of the advantages can make it more
cost effective overall
 BOARDS
o Boards are widely used for structural fire protection in the UK
o They are used both where the protection system is in full view
& where it is hidden
o They offer the specifier a clean, boxed appearance & have the
additional advantages that application is a dry trade & may
not have significant impacts on other activities
o Also, boards are factory manufactured & thicknesses can be
guaranteed
o Furthermore, boards can be applied on unpainted steelwork
o There are broadly two families of board protection:
 Lightweight
 Heavyweight
o Lightweight boards are typically 150-250kg/m³ & are not
usually suitable for decorative finishes. They are typically used
where aesthetics are not important & are cheaper than
heavyweight equivalents
o Heavyweight boards are usually in the range 700-950kg/m³
and will generally accept decorative finishes. They are typically
used where aesthetics are important
BOARD
PROTECTION
o Boards are suitable for
visible steel fixtures &
can be dry fixed
o The advantages are:
 Dry Fixing
 Factory Manufactured-
guaranteed thickness
o Can be applied to
unprimed steelwork
 SPRAY
o Spray protection has the advantage that it can
be used to cover complex shapes & details, &
also that costs do not increase significantly
with increases in protection thickness
o This is because much of the cost of application
is in the labour & equipment and a minority is
in the cost of the material
o Some materials can also be used in external &
hydrocarbon fire applications
o Sprays are not suitable for aesthetic purposes
o Also, application is a wet trade & this may
have impacts on other site operations
o Allowance may have to be made in costing for
the possible requirement for prevention of
overspray
FLEXIBLE
BLANKET
SYSTEMS
o Flexible fire protection
systems have been developed
as a response to the need for
an easily applied fire
protection material which can
be used on complex shapes &
details but where
application is a dry trade
o There are a limited number
of manufacturers of these
products
 CONCRE
TE
ENCASE
MENT
o Until the late 1970s, concrete was
by far the most common form of
fire protection for structural
steelwork
o Concrete encasement has its place &
it continues to have a small
percentage of the fire protection
market with other traditional
methods such as blockwork
encasement also used occasionally
o The principal advantage of concrete
is durability
o It tends to be used where resistance
to impact damage, abrasion &
weather exposure are important
e.g. warehouses, underground car
parks & external structures
 o The principal disadvantages
are:
 Cost – compared to
lightweight systems
 Space utilisation (large
protection thicknesses
take up valuable space
around columns)
 Weight
o Use concrete to insulate
great heat during accident
fire
o A fire must always be
considered a possibility –
considering the size & cost
o A steel highway bridge is

CONCRETE protected from the burning

of an automobile by the
concrete pavement
ENCASEMENT
 P u tr a ja y a
CASE STUDY 1 C o n v e n tio n
C e n tr e
 PUTRAJAYA
CONVENTION CENTRE
o The Putrajaya Convention Centre has a total area of 135,000m2 inclusive
of basement car parks & multilevel convention facilities at higher
levels
o The structures below ground floor are constructed of conventional
reinforced concrete frame whereas those above ground floor are of
composite steel framed structure
o The main block is in circular shape enclosed by three (3) series of
radiating circular columns, of which the diameters of the ring are 70m,
100m & 130m, respectively
o The building is enclosed by a unique form of roof structure consisting
of an 80m single span box main truss supporting both the intermediate &
lower roof trusses
o This concept in turn makes the structure of the roof distinctive &
contemporary
o The works were awarded to IJM Construction Sdn Bhd on a design &
build contract for a fast-track period of 22 months by Putrajaya Holdings
Sdn Bhd
o Designed by SKM Engineering Sdn Bhd, the entire steel work is
fabricated by Torsco Berhad & erected by Shin Eversendai Engineering
 Erection of floor Erection of node
beams in progress

Shear connectors Beam-to-column

welded to beams connection

Steel roof structure

'Crab claw' end frame
supports erection in progress
Spine truss erection
in progress
 CASE
STUDY 2
Masjid Besi & Qiblat
Walk
CONTRACT TITLE :
CADANGAN KERJA-KERJA BANGUNAN UNTUK PEMBANGUNAN
SEBUAH MASJID,’KIBLAT WALK’ DAN KERJA-KERJA YANG
BERKAITAN DENGANNYA DIATAS PLOT 12080 DAN PLOT 12085
SERTA SEBAHAGIAN 2 JALAN ANTARA PLOT 12080 DENGAN PLOT
12085 DAN PLOT 12080 DENGAN PLOT 12072 SERTA SEBAHAGIAN
PLOT 12072, PRESINT 3, WILAYAH PERSEKUTUAN PUTRAJAYA

MAIN CONTRACTOR : AHMAD ZAKI SDN BHD

ORIGINAL CONTRACT SUM : RM 208,843,691.21
PRIME AND PROVISIONAL SUM : RM 53,499,495.00
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD : 170 WEEKS
DATE OF SITE POSSESSION : 5 APRIL 2004
COMPLETION DATE : 30 AUGUST 2008

MASJID BESI & QIBLAT

WALK
 EMPLOYER
PERBADANAN PUTRAJAYA
PROJECT MANAGER
KLCC SDN BHD
ARCHITECT
KUMPULAN SENIREKA SDN BHD

CONTRA
C & S ENGINEER
JURUTERA PERUNDING ZAABA

CTUAL M & E ENGINEER

PRIMETECH ENGINEER

PARTIES QUANTITY SURVEYOR

BASAR HARUN SDN BHD
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
LAGUNA ASSCOSIATES
TOWN PLANNER
REKARANCANG SDN BHD
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT
ASIA PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL SDN BHD
 PROJECT BACKGROUND
o Proposed Precinct 3 Mosque is to cater for o Structural steelwork:
the population of Precinct 3 & the core  Building is consisting of 70%
island
o Capacity of approximately 20,000 persons used of steel structure
o Mosque Complex link to the Perbadanan  About 6000 tonne of steel
Putajaya Complex by an elevate landscape  Price is around RM3.80/kg
pedestrian plaza known as the Qiblat Walk  Constructed of Grade 43 steel
o Mosque Complex consist of:
 Main Prayer Hall built-up sections (using plates
 Courtyard & Outdoor Praying Terrace of thickness up to 40mm) &
 Retail Area UB steel beams of up 388
 Function Room
 Changing Rooms & Ablution Areas
kg/m, acting compositely with
the concrete floor slabs
 Parking
 Staff Quarters

o Qiblat Walk consist of:

 Qiblat Walk Plaza
Steel columns are made up Reinforced column head Installation of Completed installation
of the combination of four to receive the steel crystallised glass as fire
H-columns section
of crystallised glass
columns trusses protection

Ring beam erection in Ring beam erection in The arch beam like three
Completed beam dimensional umbrellas
progress at mosque progress at mosque
erection at mosque

Fabrication of hollow Welding works for hollow Erection of dome trusses

Beam section steel structure & braces in progress
section steel structure
TUTORIAL 7
o Please choose one (1) connection from the four (4) of
steel structure members' connections. With the aid of
sketches, explain in detail the construction of the
CHOSEN connection.