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Telecom System - Lecture-6

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5 views22 pages

Telecom System - Lecture-6

Uploaded by

hammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Telecommunication Systems

Spring 2006

1
CDMA
 CDMA forward channel

2
CDMA
 CDMA forward link !
U1W63
U2 W62
 
PN 511
PN 511
U3 W61

W63
W9
W1
W0
3
CDMA
 Universal Frequency Reuse !

4
CDMA
 Power Control in CDMA !
 What is it ??

 A CDMA feature that enables mobile


stations to adjusts their transmit power 5
CDMA
 Power Control in CDMA !
 BTS should receives all these signals at
the same power level
 This will increase the interference in
the system and reduce the capacity
 This is known as near-far problem
 Both forward and reverse links use
power control mechanism
6
CDMA
 Reverse link power control !
 Open-loop !!
 Based on the pilot signal strength, MS
estimates it’s transmit power

7
CDMA
 Reverse link power control !
 Closed-loop !!

 Closed loop commands are sent on forward


8
traffic channel at a rate of 800 bps
CDMA
 Reverse link power control !
 Closed-loop !!

9
CDMA
 Forward link power control !

10
CDMA
 Processing Gain calculation !

11
CDMA
 RAKE Receiver !
 A receiver with several branches and each
branch synchronized to a different
multipath component
 Typically assumes that there is a multipath
component at each integer multiple of a
chip time
 Thus, the time delay of the spreading code
between branches is one chip interval
12
CDMA
 RAKE Receiver !!

13
CDMA
 RAKE Receiver combining techniques
 Selection Combining
 In selection combining (SC), the combiner
outputs the signal on the branch with the
highest SNR
 Since only one branch output is used, co-
phasing of multiple branches is not required
 A dedicated receiver on each antenna
branch is needed in order to simultaneously
and continuously monitor SNR on each
branch
14
CDMA
 RAKE Receiver combining techniques
 Threshold Combining
 Scans each of the branches in sequential
order and outputs the first signal with SNR
above a given threshold
 Once a branch is chosen, as long as the SNR
on that branch remains above the desired
threshold, the combiner outputs that signal
 If the SNR on the selected branch falls
below the threshold, the combiner switches
to another branch
15
CDMA
 RAKE Receiver combining techniques
 Threshold Combining
 Since only one branch output is used at a
time, co-phasing is not required thus, this
technique can be used with either coherent
or differential modulation
 Since it does not select the branch with the
highest SNR, its performance is between
that of no diversity and ideal SC
16
CDMA
 RAKE Receiver combining techniques
 Maximal Ratio Combining
 The SNR of the combiner output is a
weighted sum of SNRs on each branch
 Branched with high SNR are weighted more
than branches with a low SNR
 MRC requires knowledge of the time-
varying SNR on each branch, which can be
very difficult to measure
17
Handoff in CDMA
 Soft handoff !

18
Handoff in CDMA
 Soft handoff !

19
Handoff in CDMA
 Softer handoff !

20
Handoff in CDMA
 Soft-Softer handoff !

21
Handoff in CDMA
 Soft handoff increases capacity !

22

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