COMMUNICATION

FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES
COM101: Purposive Communication - Week 7 and 8
Intended Learning Outcome (ILO):
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected
to:
• Present ideas persuasively using appropriate
language registers, tone, facial expressions, and
gestures.
PUBLIC SPEAKING
DEFINITION OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
According to Dolman (1922), “public
speaking (also known as oration) is the
process or act of performing a
presentation (or a speech) focused
around an individual directly speaking
to a live audience in a structured,
deliberate manner in order to inform,
influence, or entertain them.”
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SPEAKING (4Ms)

MATERIAL
• It refers to the subject that the speaker
explores or discusses during their
presentation or speech.
• It is the central idea or theme around
which the speaker builds their argument,
evidence, and stories.
KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A MATERIAL
• Audience. Consider the interests, background, and needs
of the audience. The topic should be relevant and engaging
to them.
• Expertise. Choose a topic that aligns with your expertise
and knowledge. This will help you deliver a confident and
authoritative presentation.
• Purpose. Determine the purpose of the speech or
presentation. Is it to inform, persuade, entertain, or inspire?
The topic should align with the overall purpose.
• Relevance. Choose a topic that is current, relevant, and
resonates with the audience.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SPEAKING (4Ms)
MESSAGE
• It is the main points to the central idea or
theme that the speaker wants to convey
to the audience.
• It is the core of the speech or presentation
and serves as a guide for all other
elements, such as the supporting
evidence, anecdotes, and examples.
• It is critical because it determines the
impact and effectiveness of the
presentation.
 SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
• Speech to inform. It seeks to provide the audience with a
clear understanding of the concept or idea presented by
the speaker.
• Speech to entertain. It seeks to provide the audience with
entertainment.
• Speech to persuade. It seeks to provide the audience with
favorable or acceptable ideas that can influence their own
ideas and decisions.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SPEAKING (4Ms)

METHODS OF DELIVERY
• It is also known as the style of delivery.
• It refers to the way in which a speaker
presents his/her speech or
presentation to the audience.
 METHODS OF DELIVERY
• Manuscript. The speaker reads their speech word-for-word
from a prepared script. (Ex. proclamation paper, public
announcement, court decision)
• Memorized. The speaker memorizes their entire speech and
delivers it from memory without notes or prompts. (Ex.
declamation or oratorical speech)
• Impromptu. The speaker delivers a speech without any prior
preparation or planning.
• Extemporaneous. The speaker delivers a speech that is
carefully prepared and planned, but not read word-for-word
from a script.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE PUBLIC SPEAKING (4Ms)

MANNERS IN SPEECH
• These refer to the way in which a speaker
uses their voice and language to
communicate their message effectively to
the audience. These include volume,
tone, pace, pronunciation, articulation,
inflection, pause, and body language.
• These also refer to the ethical standards
in delivering a speech in public.
 SOME EXAMPLES OF ETHICAL STANDARDS
• Observe ethically sound goals. Avoid criticizing other people or
promoting mass destruction, for instance hacking.
• Prepare all the time. Take full responsibility to oneself and to the
audience when asked to deliver a speech. In order to fulfill this,
one must be prepared at all times.
• Tell the truth. Be accurate with the sources and data.
Acknowledge the author of borrowed ideas. Simply observe,
“honesty is the best policy.”
• Be sensible and sensitive. Audience come from different
backgrounds, so as much as possible, respect their identity,
affiliation, religion, beliefs, values, preference, and orientation
through one’s language and gestures.
USE OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION IN
PUBLIC SPEAKING
 MEANING OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• It refers to the use of body language, gestures, facial
expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a
message. Non-verbal communication can be conscious or
unconscious and can provide insights into a person's
thoughts, feelings, and attitudes.

ALL KINDS OF RESPONSES THAT ARE NOT EXPRESSED IN

WORDS ARE CLASSIFIED AS NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION.
 IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
• It enhances and emphasizes the message of the speech.
• It can communicate all feelings, attitudes, and perceptions
as well as expressing anything without saying a word.
• It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them
engaged in the speech.
• It reflects what type of speaker a person is.
• It makes the individual more dynamic and animated in the
delivery.
 IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
• It serves as a channel to release tensions and
nervousness.
• It helps the person make the speech more dramatic.
• It can build connections with listeners.
• It makes a speaker credible.
 ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
BODY LANGUAGE
It refers to the speaker’s body movements which include
eye contact, facial expressions, posture, and gestures.

1. USING EYE CONTACT

Use eye contact when talking to people in
small or big groups. This also allows the
listeners to easily detect how confident a
speaker is or how interested he/she to talk to
them.
 ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

2. USING FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

These are tools to express or
communicate a speaker’s emotions
through the different parts of the
face.
ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

3. USING GESTURES
These include movements of the hands,
legs, and other body parts that carry
meanings.
 TYPE PURPOSE EXAMPLES
Descriptive To describe or clarify Using hands to illustrate shapes; swaying
a point hands to demonstrate flow of actions or
events; spreading hands apart to describe
length
Emphatic To make a point or Pounding to stress a point; clenched fist to
suggest emotions express anger; hands clasped to plead;
pointing fingers to accuse
Suggestive To show approval or Thumbs up; raised hand to signal stop or to
disapproval mean “excuse me, I want to say something”;
nodding
Prompting To suggest a Raising a glass for a toast; initiate an
desirable response applause
 GESTURE INTERPRETATION (BARROT, 2011)
GESTURE OF OPENNESS GESTURE OF AGGRESSIVENESS
• Warm smile • Clenched fist
• Unfolded arms • Furrowed brow
• Uncrossed legs • Leg over arm of chair
• Leaning forward • Squinting
• Open palm • Finger pointing
• Akimbo
• Arms spread with hands grip
• Stare
 GESTURE INTERPRETATION (BARROT, 2011)
GESTURE OF DOMINANCE GESTURE OF DEFENSIVENESS
• Feet in desk • Little eye contact
• Palms down • Tightly crossed arms and legs
• Physical elevation • Scratching below earlobes or
• Strident loud voice sides of neck
• Crunching handshake • Clenched hands
• Palm to back of neck
• Rigid body
• Head down
 GESTURE INTERPRETATION (BARROT, 2011)
GESTURE OF BOREDOM GESTURE OF FRUSTRATION
• Blank stare • Staring into space
• Drooping eyes • Running fingers through hair
• No blinking • Kicking at ground
• Head in hands • Short in and out of breaths
• Little eye contact • Wringing hands
• Crossed legs • Tightly closed lips
• Doodling • Rubbing back of neck
• Repetitive finger and foot • Tightly clenched hands
tapping
 GESTURE INTERPRETATION (BARROT, 2011)
GESTURE OF READINESS GESTURE OF CONFIDENCE
• Alert and lively facial • Stretched legs
expressions • Physically elevating
• Coat open, hands on hips • Good stance
• Leaning forward • Continuous eye contact
• Close proximity • Leaning back hands behind
• Sitting on edge of chair neck
• Nodding in agreement • Head up
• Good eye contact • Chin forward
ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
4. USING A GOOD POSTURE
Posture is the position of the body either when a person
stands or sit. In public speaking, it shows confidence and
elicits positive impression from the audience.
 ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
CLOTHING AND APPEARANCE
These can play an important role in public speaking, as it can
influence the audience’s perception of the speaker and the
message being conveyed. The way a speaker dresses and
presents themselves can impact how the audience
perceives their credibility, authority, and professionalism.

DRESS TO SUCCEED!
CLOTHING AND APPEARANCE: TIPS FOR MEN
• Wear an executive attire (suit and tie)
• Use black suit and pants
• Use a light-colored, long-sleeved shirt to match the black suit and
pants
• Use a plain and simple tie that matches the color of your long-
sleeved shirt
• Use a black belt
• Use a well-polished black loafer shoes and black socks
• Sport a clean, polished hair style
• Get a clean, well-shaved face
• Ensure nails are cut and clean
• Avoid wearing too much accessories (just wristwatch and rings are
enough)
• Avoid wearing heavily-scented perfume
• Ensure breath is fresh
CLOTHING AND APPEARANCE: TIPS FOR WOMEN
• Wear an executive attire
• Use light, pastel colors
• Use natural shade stockings
• Use polished, high-heeled (2-3 inches high),
closed shoes
• Sport a neat and clean hairstyle
• Wear light make-up
• Avoid wearing too much accessories
• Avoid wearing heavily-scented perfumes
 ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
VOCAL ELEMENTS
• Pitch. It refers to the highness or lowness of the speaker’s
voice.
• Volume. It refers to the loudness or softness of the speaker's
voice.
• Rate. It refers to the speed at which the speaker speaks.
• Tone. It refers to the quality of the speaker’s voice, such as the
level of friendliness, confidence, or authority.
• Articulation. It refers to the clarity and distinctness of the
speaker's words.
• Pauses. It refer to the intentional breaks in the speaker's
speech.
• Pronunciation. It refers to the correct way of saying words,
including the accent, syllable stress, and intonation.
ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
PROXEMICS
This is the space and distance between
the speaker and the audience. It is an
invisible wall that defines how comfortable
the speaker is at a distance from the
people he/she is talking to.
ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

COLORS
These reflect people’s personality and
reveal character. Hence, an individual’s
choice of colors in terms of clothes and
visual aids matter to the audience.
 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND MEANING
RED
It is a single most dynamic and passion color that symbolizes love, rage, and
courage. Demanding attention, red has great emotional impact. Those who
desire this color are aggressive, energetic, impulsive, and strive for success.
The desire to experience the fullness of living leads to constant activities.
Positive: passion, love, warmth, energy, excitement, strength, stimulation,
excitement, physical courage, basic survival
Negative: anger, defiance, aggression, visual impact, strain, danger
Effects: increased respiration, blood pressure, appetite, and metabolism
 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND MEANING
YELLOW
It is a truly joyous and radiant color. It exudes warmth, inspiration, and vitality.
It is the happiest of the colors. It also signifies communication, enlightenment,
sunlight, and spirituality. If you treasure yellow, you look forward to the future.
Intellectual, highly imaginative, and idealistic, you have a cheerful spirit and an
expectation of greater happiness.
Positive: cheerfulness, energy, honor, joy, intelligence, optimism, confidence,
emotional strength, extraversion, friendliness, creativity
Negative: irrationality, jealousy, anxiety, depression, fear, emotional, fragility,
deception, cowardice, caution
Effects: increased mental activity, awareness, energy
 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND MEANING
ORANGE
It is an optimistic color. It helps you look at the bright side of life despite
difficulties.
Positive: sociable, optimistic, enthusiastic, cheerful, self-confident, independent,
adventurous
Negative: insincere, pensive, overly-proud
Effects: enthusiasm, rejuvenation, courage, vitality
 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND MEANING
GREEN
It is a color of spring which represents growth and renewal. It is a color that
resonates energy and positivity.
Positive: intuitive, conceptual, analytical, inventive, visionary, problem-solver
Negative: wastes time in idle chit-chat, indecisive, easily frustrated
Effects: feel recharged and calm, more hypothetical
 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND MEANING
BLUE
It is a color of depth, stability, and independence. This is best for studying
and working because it helps in relaxing and stimulating the mind.
Positive: serenity, intelligence, confidence, trust
Negative: aloofness, lack of emotion
Effects: relaxed and peaceful mind
 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND MEANING
PURPLE
It combines stability of blue and energy of red. It is associated with royalty. It
symbolizes power, nobility, luxury, and ambition. It conveys wealth and
extravagance.
Positive: wisdom, dignity, independence, creativity, mystery, magic, passion,
vitality
Negative: arrogance, impatience, greed
Effects: increased spirituality, calming down of anxiety
 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND MEANING
WHITE
It suggests goodness, purity, and innocence. The individual who chooses
white as a color seeks excellence and enlightenment in all philosophies. Just as
black is total absorption, white is total reflection. Visually, white gives a
heightened perception of space.
Positive: neutral, hygienic, clean, refreshing, clear, sophisticated, pure, simple,
innocent, efficient, hopeful, individualistic, idealistic, optimistic
Negative: coldness, barriers, unfriendliness, chillness, emptiness, indecision
Effects: increased sense of sophistication, cleanness
 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND MEANING
BLACK
It is a mysterious color because it can have different interpretations. It can
mean power, elegance, formality, death, evil, or grief.
Positive: elegance, power
Negative: aloofness, intimidation, evil
Effects: increased feeling of loneliness, boosts confidence
ASPECTS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

TOUCH
It is a physical contact. It can be interpreted
differently in various cultures. But, generally, it is used
to communicate love, care, or comfort.
 NON-VERBAL PATTERNS
Power, dominance, Long pause before answering a door knock; hands on
superiority hips; fingers hooked in belt; steepling; hands behind
neck; piercing eye contact; standing while others are
seated; palm-down handshakes; physically elevating
self; chin and eyebrow raised; legs over armchair
Submission, Palm-up handshake; hand-wringing; fidgeting; fingers
apprehension, clasped; head down; hands to face, groin, and hair;
nervousness minimum eye contact; throat-clearing; constant blinking;
whistling; rubbing back of neck; shifting from side to side;
slumping and crouching
 NON-VERBAL PATTERNS
Boredom or Lousy handshake; shuffling papers; cleaning fingernails;
disinterest minimal eye contact; looking at door, watch, window;
playing with objects on desk; picking at clothes;
doodling; drumming table; tapping feet; head in palm of
hand; blank stare; pen clicking; foot-jiggling; body angled
away from speaker; stretching
Secretiveness and Touching nose while speaking; tugging ear while
dishonesty speaking; rubbing behind ear while speaking; covering
mouth while speaking; scratching head; shifting eyes;
tongue to side of mouth; head down; look of concern;
pulling neck; fidgeting; moving body away
 NON-VERBAL PATTERNS
Evaluation Hand gripping chin with index finger up; slightly tilted
head; nodding; slight blinking of eyes; stroking chin;
raised eyebrow and head tilted back; index fingers to
lips; squinting but with good eye contact; pulling upper
lip; ear turned toward the speaker; glasses in mouth;
body parallel to the speaker or turned toward the
speaker; casual tapping of the foot
Honesty, confidence, Open hands, and palm toward another person; lean
and cooperation forward in chair; good eye contact; legs uncrossed;
hands to chest; coat open; synchronized movement with
the speaker; spontaneous movements of hands, arms,
and wrists; sitting tall but not higher than others;
shrugging shoulders
 NON-VERBAL PATTERNS
Anger, frustration, and Jerky movements; closed fists and flexing hands; hands
defensiveness inside the pockets; scratching back of neck; squinting
eyes; red skin; piercing eye contact; kicking at ground;
tense and rigid posture; superficial smile with shaking
heads sideways
CONNECTING WITH
THE AUDIENCE
Building a connection with the audience enhances
engagement, increases the speaker’s credibility, helps tailor
the message, creates a positive atmosphere, and encourages
feedback. When the audience feels a connection with the
speaker, they are more likely to pay attention, retain
information, and respond positively to the message.

The initial step in building connection with the audiences

is to know them, which can be achieved through audience
analysis.
 WHAT IS AUDIENCE ANALYSIS?
• It is a process of looking into the behavior, values,
beliefs, or even the culture of the audience.
• This is done so the speaker will know what and what
not to say, how to say it, and when to say it.
 SAMPLE AUDIENCE ANALYSIS WORKSHEET
Audience Analysis
Description
Age range
Male-female ratio
Educational background
Educational institution
Place of residence
Marital status
Economic status
Language spoken
Religious affiliations or
beliefs
PREPARING FOR
THE SPEECH
 IMPROMPTU SPEECH
Impromptu means “to be done without being planned,
organized, or rehearsed” in any way, shape, or form.

Characteristics of an impromptu speech:

• Limited to no preparation time (could be three minutes or
less)
• Short presentation time (two to seven minutes)
• Points are organized spontaneously.
 STRATEGIES IN DELIVERING AN
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE
• The speaker organizes his/her ideas into three parts: past,
present, and future.
• It involves reflecting on the past related to the topic,
describing the current situation in the present, and sharing
thoughts or predictions for the future.
 EXAMPLE
In the past, I was not comfortable doing impromptu speaking
because I could not think right away of what to say maybe
because of nervousness and limited preparation time. At
present, however, I am enjoying it because I constantly
practice and keep on participating in any speaking situation.
In the future, I look forward to teaching others how to tackle
impromptu speech situations.
 EXAMPLE
In the past, we used to think that the earth’s resources were unlimited and
that we could use them as much as we wanted. We did not realize the
impact that our actions would have on the environment. Nowadays, we are
more aware of the environmental issues we face. We see the effects of
climate change, pollution, and deforestation on a daily basis. We are taking
steps to reduce our carbon footprint and protect the planet for future
generations. Looking to the future, we must continue to take actions to
protect the environment. We need to find new and innovative ways to
reduce waste, improve sustainability, and protect our planet. We must work
together as a global community to tackle these challenges and ensure a
healthy and sustainable future for all.
 STRATEGIES IN DELIVERING AN
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
POINT-REASON-EXAMPLE/EXPLANATION-POINT (PREP)
• It involves making a clear point, providing a reason, giving
an example or explanation, and then restating the point to
summarize the key ideas.
 EXAMPLE
Social media has changed the way we communicate and interact
with others. This is important because it affects our relationships,
our mental health, and even our job prospects. For example, social
media can lead to feelings of isolation, anxiety, and depression, and
it can also be a source of misinformation and cyberbullying. On the
other hand, it can also be a powerful tool for networking, promoting
your brand, and staying connected with friends and family. In
conclusion, while social media has both positive and negative
aspects, it is clear that it has had a significant impact on our lives
and it is important that we use it responsibly and mindfully.
 EXAMPLE
Renewable energy is the future of our planet. This is because it helps
reduce carbon emissions, combat climate change, and protect the
environment. For example, wind turbines and solar panels are two forms of
renewable energy that have become increasingly popular in recent years.
They harness the power of the wind and sun to generate electricity, without
relying on fossil fuels. This not only reduces our carbon footprint, but also
reduces our dependence on non-renewable resources. In conclusion, the
use of renewable energy is crucial for the sustainability of our planet. By
reducing our reliance on non-renewable resources, we can help create a
more sustainable future for ourselves and future generations.
 STRATEGIES IN DELIVERING AN
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
OPENING, RULE OF THREE, CLINCHER
• It starts with a strong opening, followed by three supporting
details or information, and ends with a clincher that leaves a
lasting impression on the audience.
 EXAMPLE
Did you know that exercise is not just good for your physical health,
but also your mental health? There are three key benefits of
exercise. Firstly, it can help reduce stress and anxiety, providing a
natural and healthy way to boost your mood. Secondly, it can
improve your overall physical health by reducing your risk of heart
disease, diabetes, and obesity. And thirdly, it can help you to sleep
better and improve your overall quality of life. So, whether you
enjoy running, cycling, or just taking a simple walk in nature, make
sure to take some time out of your day to exercise. Your body and
mind will thank you for it!
 EXAMPLE
When was the last time you took some time to focus on yourself
and your needs? There are three key reasons why self-care is
important. Firstly, it can improve your physical health by reducing
your risk of illness, disease, and burnout. Secondly, it can improve
your mental health by reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. And
thirdly, it can improve your relationships by allowing you to show up
as your best self and care for others more effectively. So, whether
you take a bubble bath, go for a walk in nature, or simply take a few
deep breaths, make sure to prioritize self-care in your life. You
deserve it!
 STRATEGIES IN DELIVERING AN
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
BRIDGING
• This involves building a connection between what the
speaker do not know and what he/she know.
• It is a technique used to transition smoothly from one topic
or question to another. It involves acknowledging the current
topic or question, providing a brief response or comment,
and then connecting it to a related topic or question.
 EXAMPLE
Question: What is your opinion on the current state of health care in this
country?
Response: I believe that access to quality health care is a basic human right
and that we need to do more to ensure that all people have access to the care
they need. However, I also recognize that there are many challenges facing our
health care system, including rising costs, a shortage of providers, and unequal
access to care.
Bridging: Speaking of rising costs, I think it is important to consider how we
can reduce health care expenses for individuals and families. For example, we
can explore options such as price transparency, increased competition, and
innovative payment models to help control costs and make health care more
affordable for everyone.
 EXAMPLE
Question: What is your position on women’s rights in this country?
Response: I believe that women deserve to be treated with respect, dignity,
and equality in all aspects of life. However, I also recognize that there are many
issues facing women today, including unequal pay, gender-based violence, and
limited access to affordable childcare.
Bridging: Speaking of affordable childcare, I think it is important to consider
how we can support working families and help them to balance their work and
family responsibilities. For example, we can invest in high-quality early
childhood education programs, expand access to paid family leave, and provide
tax credits for childcare expenses. These policies can help to empower women
and families and create a more equitable society for all.
 STRATEGIES IN DELIVERING AN
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
REFRAMING
• The speaker takes a statement or question and rephrases it in
a way that shifts the focus or changes the perspective on the
topic.
• This technique can be used to redirect the conversation and
introduce new ideas or perspectives. By reframing a question
or statement, speakers can provide a fresh perspective on the
topic, challenge assumptions, and offer a more nuanced
understanding of the issue at hand.
 EXAMPLE
Question: Do you believe that climate change is a real threat to our
planet?
Response: While there is certainly evidence to suggest that climate
change is a real and pressing issue, I think it's important to reframe the
conversation to focus on the positive steps we can take to address this
challenge. Rather than simply raising alarm about the dangers of climate
change, we need to focus on the opportunities that exist to create a more
sustainable and resilient future. By investing in renewable energy,
promoting sustainable practices, and working together to reduce our
carbon footprint, we can build a more vibrant and livable planet for
generations to come.
 EXAMPLE
Question: Are standardized tests an effective way to measure
student achievement?
Response: While standardized tests have been a widely used tool
for assessing student achievement, I think it's important to reframe
the conversation to focus on the broader goals of education.
Instead of simply measuring how well students perform on tests,
we need to focus on cultivating critical thinking skills, creativity, and
a lifelong love of learning. By doing so, we can help to ensure that
our students are equipped with the knowledge and skills they need
to succeed in a rapidly changing world.
 STRATEGIES IN DELIVERING AN
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
PLAYING THE DEVIL’S ADVOCATE
• It involves taking a position that is contrary to one’s own
personal opinion or beliefs in order to stimulate critical thinking,
promote discussion, or challenge assumptions.
• This technique involves temporarily adopting a position that is
opposite to one’s own in order to explore the potential strengths
and weaknesses of different arguments or perspectives.
 EXAMPLE
Statement: I believe that social media has had a mostly negative impact on our
society.
Playing the devil's advocate: While I can certainly understand why some
people might view social media as having a mostly negative impact on our
society, I think it's important to consider the potential benefits of these
platforms. For example, social media has allowed people to connect with others
across great distances, to share information and ideas, and to organize for
social and political change. Additionally, there are many people who use social
media in positive and productive ways, such as promoting mental health
awareness or raising funds for charity. While we need to be aware of the
potential downsides of social media use, we also need to recognize and
appreciate the ways in which it can be a force for good in our world.
 EXAMPLE
Statement: I believe that our education system is in need of significant reform
to better prepare students for success in the 21st century.
Playing the devil's advocate: While I agree that our education system needs
reform, I think it's important to consider the potential drawbacks of certain
proposed changes. For example, some argue that an over-emphasis on
standardized testing could lead to a narrow and superficial approach to
education, or that a focus on STEM subjects could come at the expense of
other important areas, such as the humanities. Additionally, there are concerns
about the equity of certain proposed solutions, such as charter schools or
voucher programs. While we need to be proactive in reforming our education
system, we need to approach the issue with a deep understanding of all of the
relevant factors and a willingness to consider a range of potential solutions.
 EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
Extemporaneous speaking involves delivering a speech or
presentation without a prepared script or memorized content.
Instead, the speaker relies on notes, outlines, or mental
preparation to organize their ideas and key points.

Characteristics of an extemporaneous speech:

• Flexible and adaptable
• Has a more conversational and informal tone
• Relies on research, clear organization, and practiced
delivery
• Speech is delivered spontaneously, using only an outline or
notes
 PURPOSE OF EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH

TO INFORM (EXPOSITION)
• It is important for the speaker to explain the context of
the question and provide the necessary background
information for the audience to understand the
arguments.
 HOW MUCH BACKGROUND SHOULD
YOU GIVE TO THE AUDIENCE?
• Assume that the audience knows no more and no less
than the average person.
• In general, the more of a “big deal” the topic is, the more
the audience will have heard about it.
• The “closer” the topic is to the audience’s life, the more
they are likely to know about it.
 PURPOSE OF EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
TO ENTERTAIN
• Humor is certainly one form of entertainment. But
when it comes to entertaining the audience, it is about
making the speech pleasant to listen to from beginning
to end.
• Talented extemporaneous speakers use word choice,
vocal inflection, pacing, volume and gestures to add
interest to their speech.
 PURPOSE OF EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
TO PERSUADE
• Pathos – This refers to an emotional appeal. When
using pathos as a means of persuasion, the speaker is
attempting to elicit a feeling in the audience to pull
them towards a particular conclusion.
 PURPOSE OF EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
TO PERSUADE
• Ethos – In rhetoric, ethos can be understood as the
audience’s perception of the speaker’s ethical
character. However, it does not really refer to whether
a person is moral or immoral, rather whether speaker
is believable and credible.
 PURPOSE OF EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
TO PERSUADE
• Logos – It refers to the use of reasoned arguments to
convince an audience. An effective logical argument in
an extemporaneous speech will clearly state a claim,
offer analysis to explain the truth of the claim, and
support the analysis with evidence.
 ARGUMENTATIVE AND PERSUASIVE SPEECH
ARGUMENTATIVE PERSUASIVE
• has a more formal purpose and • blends facts and emotion in
requires a great deal of research attempt to convince the reader
to be done effectively that the writer is “right”(often
relies heavily on opinion)
• focuses on evidences as a form • more prone to emotional appeals
of argument and other non-formal types of
debate
 ARGUMENTATIVE AND PERSUASIVE SPEECH
ARGUMENTATIVE PERSUASIVE
• the main purpose is to argue a • the main purpose is not
point using evidences, to get the necessarily to present undeniable
audience to acknowledge that the facts , but is instead to sway the
speaker’s side is valid and readers
deserves consideration as
another point of view
• the tone must appear • has a more relaxed tone like a
authoritative friend or a mentor
 ARGUMENTATIVE AND PERSUASIVE SPEECH
ARGUMENTATIVE PERSUASIVE
• uses language that is aloof, • the style is friendlier, may appeal
complex, and filled with jargon to the audience’s emotions, ego,
related to the topic or sense of intelligence
• acknowledge that opposing views • speaker presents one side –
exist his/her side
 PRODUCING A RESEARCH-BASED ARGUMENT

ANNOTATED RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY

• It is a list of sources that have been researched by an
individual or group for a specific purpose, with annotations
or brief descriptions accompanying each source.
• The annotations provide a summary of the source's content,
relevance, and quality, as well as an evaluation of the
author's arguments, methodology, and bias.
 WRITING A THESIS STATEMENT
A thesis statement is the main point or central argument
of the speech. It expresses the speaker’s stand on the
issue. It must present a strong position that is supported
by convincing evidences and suggests a framework for
organizing the speech.
PARTS OF AN ARGUMENTATIVE THESIS STATEMENT
 EXAMPLES
Statement: My speech is about the complexity of the
traffic problem in Metro Manila.

Improved thesis statement: The traffic problem in Metro

Manila is a multi-sectoral problem that must be solved with
the combined effort of private individuals, foreign think
tanks and the government.
 EXAMPLES
Statement: The ROTC has been re-implemented.

Improved thesis statement: Senior high school

graduates should be required to take ROTC or pursue
community service projects before entering college in
order to increase their maturity, discipline, and love of
country.
 CREATING AN OUTLINE
Outline is a condensed version of a text in a linear,
structured format. It organizes main topics, sub-
topics, and supporting details. It aids the readers in
identifying the key ideas in a text.
 ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
A.F.O.R.E.S.T. (anecdotes, facts and figures, opinion, rhetorical
questions, emotive language, superlatives, tripling)
• (1) Begin the speech with a personal story, observation or
experience; (2) Provide striking statistics that can support
the ideas; (3) Add the opinion; (4) Think of engaging
rhetorical questions; (5) Use emotional appeal; (6) Use
superlatives to exaggerate an idea; and, (7) Think of the rule
of three.
 EXAMPLE
Topic: Why recycling should be mandatory in all cities
Anecdote: Have you ever seen a sea turtle with a plastic straw stuck
in its nose? This heartbreaking image is just one example of the
devastating impact that plastic waste can have on our environment. In
order to prevent more tragedies like this, we need to make recycling
mandatory in all cities.
Facts and figures: Did you know that Americans generate more than
250 million tons of trash each year? And only about 35% of that waste
is recycled. By making recycling mandatory, we can reduce the amount
of waste that goes to landfills and conserve valuable resources.
Opinion: It's time for us to take responsibility for our impact on the
environment. We can no longer afford to ignore the consequences
of our actions. By mandating recycling, we can make a positive
change for the future.
Rhetorical question: What kind of world do we want to leave for
future generations? Do we want to continue to contribute to the
destruction of our planet, or do we want to take action to make a
difference?
Emotive language: Every day, we throw away tons of perfectly
good materials that could be recycled and reused. It's a tragedy
that so much valuable resources are wasted, and we need to put
an end to it.
Superlatives: Recycling is not just a good idea, it's the best idea.
With its ability to conserve resources, reduce waste, and protect
the environment, recycling is a win-win for everyone.
Tripling: Recycling is good for the environment, good for the
economy, and good for our future. It creates jobs, reduces pollution,
and conserves resources. By making recycling mandatory in all
cities, we can create a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable
world for generations to come.
 ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
• Identify the problem and provide solution showing its
practicality.
 EXAMPLE
Problem: Plastic pollution is a global crisis that threatens the
health of our planet and all living creatures. Every year, millions of
tons of plastic waste end up in our oceans, harming marine life and
contaminating our food chain.
Facts and figures: According to the United Nations, there are
currently over 5 trillion pieces of plastic waste in our oceans, and
that number is only growing. By 2050, there could be more plastic
in the ocean than fish.
Solution: We need to take action to reduce our plastic
consumption and waste. One solution is to implement a nationwide
ban on single-use plastics, such as straws, bags, and utensils. By
eliminating these unnecessary items, we can drastically reduce the
amount of plastic waste that ends up in our oceans and landfills. A
ban on single-use plastics would not only reduce plastic pollution,
but also encourage the development and use of alternative, eco-
friendly materials. It would also send a strong message to
companies and consumers that we are serious about protecting our
planet for future generations.
 ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
PROBLEM-CAUSE-SOLUTION
• Identify the problem, analyze the causes of the problem,
and provide solution to the problem.
 EXAMPLE
Problem: Childhood obesity is a growing problem in many
countries, with serious implications for children's health and well-
being. It can lead to a range of health problems, including diabetes,
heart disease, and high blood pressure.
Cause: There are many factors that contribute to childhood obesity,
including poor diet, lack of exercise, and genetic factors. One of the
main causes is the increasing availability and consumption of
unhealthy, processed foods.
Solution: To prevent childhood obesity, we need to promote
healthy eating habits and physical activity. One solution is to
introduce mandatory nutrition education in schools, teaching
children about the importance of healthy eating and the dangers of
consuming too much sugar, salt, and processed foods. By
educating children about nutrition and healthy eating habits, we can
help them make informed choices about their food and encourage
them to adopt healthy habits for life.
 ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES
• Identify the problem, present at least two solutions to the
problem, and compare the two in terms of practicality and
feasibility.
 EXAMPLE
Problem: The issue of plastic pollution in our environment is a growing
concern, and one way we can make a difference is by choosing
reusable bags over plastic bags when shopping.
Solution 1: Reusable bags are eco-friendly and reduce waste. By
using a durable, reusable bag, we can eliminate the need for single-
use plastic bags and reduce our contribution to plastic pollution. These
are also cost-effective and convenient. While they may cost more
upfront, they can be reused for years, saving us money in the long run.
Reusable bags are also easy to carry and store, making them a
convenient choice for shopping trips.
Solution 2: Plastic bags are lightweight and easy to carry. They can be
used to carry a variety of items, from groceries to clothing, without
adding extra weight or bulk. Additionally, these are cheap and widely
available. Many grocery stores provide plastic bags for free, making
them an accessible option for shoppers who may not have reusable
bags.
Comparison: While plastic bags may seem like a convenient and
accessible option, they have serious environmental consequences.
Plastic bags can take up to 1000 years to decompose, polluting our
oceans and harming wildlife. In contrast, reusable bags offer a more
eco-friendly and sustainable choice, reducing waste and helping to
protect the planet for future generations.
 ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE
• (1) Grab the attention of the audience by identifying the
target problem; (2) Establish the need or urgency to address
the identified problem; (3) Present possible solutions to the
audience to satisfy the needs; (4) Help the audience
visualize by using vivid language to convince them about
the benefits they can gain from the solutions presented; (5)
Engage the audience to participate in promoting change
through a call for action.
 EXAMPLE
Attention: Imagine a world where no one volunteers their time or
talents to help others. Our communities would be missing out on
essential services, and many people would be left without the support
they need. Volunteering is more than just a nice thing to do; it's
essential for building strong, vibrant communities.
Need: There is a growing need for volunteers in our communities.
Many essential services, such as food banks, shelters, and healthcare
facilities, rely on volunteers to provide vital assistance to those in need.
Without volunteers, these services would be stretched thin, and many
people would be left without the help they need.
Satisfaction: Volunteering is a rewarding experience that offers
numerous benefits to both the volunteer and the community. By
volunteering, you can make a positive impact on the lives of others,
build new skills, and connect with like-minded individuals. Additionally,
volunteering can be a meaningful way to give back to your community
and make a difference in the world.
Visualization: Imagine a world where everyone volunteers their time
and talents to help others. Our communities would be stronger, more
connected, and more resilient. People would have access to the
support they need, and everyone would have the opportunity to make
a positive impact on the world.
Action: If you're interested in volunteering, there are many ways to
get involved in your community. You can start by researching local
organizations or causes that align with your interests and values.
Many organizations offer training and support for new volunteers,
making it easy to get started. By taking action and volunteering
your time, you can make a difference in the lives of others and help
build a stronger, more connected community.
 References
• Cayaban, N.B., et al. (2022). #Borderless Purposive Communication in the 21 st
Century. Book Atbp. Publishing Corp.
• Madrunio, M.R. & Martin, I.P. (2022). Purposive Communication Using English in
Multicultural Contexts (2nd ed.). C & E Publishing, Inc.
• Barrot, J.S. & Sipacio, P.J.F. (2018). Purposive Communication in the 21 st Century. C
& E Publishing, Inc.
• Hactyiia, J.O. et al. (2017). Basics of Public Speaking. Journal of Economics,
Management and Informatics, 8(2), 33-46.
https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/2217-2769/2017/2217-27691702033N.pdf
• Puteh, F. (n.d.). Impromptu Speech.
http://ocw.utm.my/pluginfile.php/2424/mod_resource/content/0/Impromptu_Speech_
Revised.pdf
• National Speech & Debate Association (n.d.). Impromptu Starter Kit.
https://www.speechanddebate.org/wp-content/uploads/Impromptu-Starter-Kit.pdf
 References
• National Speech & Debate Association (n.d.). Extemporaneous Speaking Engaging
with Current Events.
https://www.speechanddebate.org/wp-content/uploads/Extemporaneous-Speaking-T
extbook.pdf
• Academic Center for Enrichment (n.d.). Argumentative vs. Persuasive Writing
Subtle, but Significant, Differences.
https://www.middlesex.mass.edu/ace/downloads/tipsheets/persvsargu.pdf
• University of Colorado (2014). Annotated Bibliography.
https://clas.ucdenver.edu/writing-center/sites/default/files/attached-files/annotated_bi
bliographies.pdf
• Keyano College (n.d.). Annotated Bibliography: APA 7 Required Elements and
Formatting.
https://www.keyano.ca/en/student-services/resources/Documents/library/Annotated-
Bibliography---APA-7-Style-Keyano-Library-Guide.pdf