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Introduction To Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

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Introduction To Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Uploaded by

matifb011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are fundamental concepts in linear algebra with applications
across science and engineering. They describe how a linear transformation affects a vector,
revealing important properties about the system.
Definition of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues Eigenvectors Eigenvalue Equation


Eigenvalues are scalar quantities Eigenvectors are the special
that describe the scaling effect a vectors that are left unchanged in The eigenvalue equation Ax = λx
linear transformation has on a direction by a linear defines the relationship between
vector. They represent the factors transformation, except for being eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and the
by which a vector is stretched or scaled. They indicate the linear transformation A. This
compressed when transformed. directions in which a linear equation states that an eigenvector
transformation acts most simply. x is mapped to a scalar multiple
λx by A.
Geometric Interpretation of Eigenvalues
and Eigenvectors

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors have a powerful


geometric interpretation. The eigenvalues represent
the scaling factors that stretch or shrink the vectors in
a specific direction, while the eigenvectors point in
the directions that remain unchanged by the
transformation.

Geometrically, the eigenvectors can be visualized as


the principal axes of an ellipse or ellipsoid that the
transformation maps vectors to. The eigenvalues
correspond to the lengths of these principal axes.
Calculation of Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors

Step 1: Set Up Matrix Equation 1

Represent the system as a matrix equation


Av = λv, where A is the input matrix, v is 2 Step 2: Solve for Eigenvalues
the eigenvector, and λ is the eigenvalue.
Expand the matrix equation to det(A - λI)
= 0, and solve this polynomial equation to
find the eigenvalues.
Step 3: Find Eigenvectors 3

Substitute each eigenvalue back into the


original matrix equation to find the
corresponding eigenvectors.
Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

1 Real and Complex 2 Multiplicity


Eigenvalues can be real numbers or complex A matrix can have multiple eigenvalues with
numbers, depending on the matrix. the same value. The multiplicity of an
Eigenvectors corresponding to real eigenvalues eigenvalue represents the number of linearly
are also real, while those corresponding to independent eigenvectors associated with that
complex eigenvalues come in conjugate pairs. eigenvalue.

3 Orthogonality 4 Diagonalization
The eigenvectors of a symmetric matrix are If a matrix has a complete set of linearly
orthogonal to each other, meaning they are independent eigenvectors, it can be
perpendicular and form a basis for the vector diagonalized by expressing it in the basis of its
space. eigenvectors.
Diagonalization of Matrices

Eigenvalues
The scalar values that represent the directions matrices stretch or
1
compress

Eigenvectors
2 The directions a matrix stretches or compresses, represented
by vectors

Diagonalization
3 The process of transforming a matrix into a
diagonal form

Diagonalization is a powerful matrix decomposition technique that relies on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a
square matrix. By finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, a matrix can be transformed into a diagonal form,
which simplifies many matrix operations and calculations.
Applications of Eigenvalues and
Eigenvectors

Quantum Signal Principal Structural


Mechanics Processing Component Analysis
Analysis
In structural
Eigenvalues and Eigendecomposition is engineering,
eigenvectors are used in signal Eigenvalues and eigenvalues and
crucial in quantum processing to analyze eigenvectors form the eigenvectors are used
mechanics, where they and transform basis for Principal to determine the
describe the possible complex data, such as Component Analysis, natural frequencies
states and energies of in image and audio a powerful technique and mode shapes of
subatomic particles. compression. for dimensionality buildings and bridges.
reduction and feature
extraction.
Eigenvalue Decomposition

Identifying Eigenvalues
1
Determine the scalar values λ that satisfy the equation Av = λv

Finding Eigenvectors
2 Identify the non-zero vectors v that correspond to each eigenvalue λ

Matrix Diagonalization

3
Represent the matrix A as a diagonal matrix using
the eigenvalues and eigenvectors

Eigenvalue decomposition is a powerful technique that allows us to express a square matrix A as a product of
matrices involving its eigenvalues and eigenvectors. This decomposition provides crucial insights into the structure
and behavior of the matrix, with applications in areas like linear dynamical systems, quantum mechanics, and data
analysis.
Relationship to Principal
Component Analysis

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a statistical technique that can be


expressed in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The principal components of
a dataset correspond to the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix, and the
variances explained by each principal component are given by the eigenvalues.

PCA provides a way to reduce the dimensionality of a dataset by projecting it


onto the subspace spanned by the eigenvectors with the largest eigenvalues. This
allows for more efficient data representation and analysis, with the eigenvalues
indicating the relative importance of each principal component.
Conclusion and Summary

Key Takeaways Practical Applications Future Directions

Eigenvalues and eigenvectors are These concepts are used in fields As technology and scientific fields
fundamental concepts in linear like quantum mechanics, data continue to evolve, the importance
algebra with wide-ranging analysis, image processing, and of eigenvalues and eigenvectors
applications. They provide control systems, among others. will only grow. Exploring new
insights into the underlying Understanding eigenvalues and applications and advancing the
structure and properties of eigenvectors is crucial for many theoretical understanding of these
matrices. advanced topics in mathematics concepts remains an active area of
and computer science. research.

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