Dr. N.

SIVAKUMAR
M.Tech, MHRM, MBA, Ph.D

Professor, CSE
Puducherry Technological University
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 JAVA Features
• Simple • Robust
• Secured • Dynamic
• Object-Oriented • Class – Based
• Platform Independent
• Architectural – Neutral
• Portable
• High Performance
• Multithreaded
• Interpreted
• Distributed
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 JAVA Features
• Simple • Robust
• Secured • Dynamic
• Object-Oriented • Class – Based
• Platform Independent • Architectural – Neutral
• Portable • High Performance
• Multithreaded • Interpreted
• Distributed 4
 JAVA Features
• Simple • Robust
• Secured • Dynamic
• Object-Oriented • Class – Based
• Platform Independent • Architectural – Neutral
• Portable • High Performance
•
• Multithreaded Interpreted

• Distributed 5
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Operators in JAVA

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Operators in JAVA

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Control Structures in JAVA

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 Object Oriented Features
• Objects • Message Passing
• Class • Data Binding
• Abstraction • Overloading
• Encapsulation • Constructor
• Inheritance • Polymorphism

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 Class
• The basic building block of an object-oriented language
• A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are created.
• It is a template that describes the data and behavior associated with
instances of that class

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Class

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 Object
• An entity that has state and behavior is known as an object
e.g. chair, bike, marker, pen, table, car etc.
• Object is an instance of a class.

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Object Creation

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 3 Ways to initialize object
• There are 3 ways to initialize object in java.
• By reference variable
• By method
• By constructor

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Encapsulation

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 Constructor
• Constructor is a block of codes similar to method
• It is a special type of method which is used to initialize the object.
• It is called when an instance of object is created and memory is allocated
for the object.
• Java compiler creates a default constructor

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 Rules for creating java constructor

• Constructor name must be same as its class name

• Constructor must have no explicit return type

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Types of Java Constructors

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 Default Constructor
• A constructor is called "Default Constructor" when it doesn't have any
parameter.
• If there is no constructor in a class, compiler automatically creates a
default constructor.

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 Default Constructor
class Bike1
{
Output:
Bike1( )
{

System.out.println("Bike is created"); Bike is created

}

public static void main(String args[ ])

{
Bike1 b=new Bike1( );
}
}
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 Parameterized Constructor
• A constructor which has a specific number of parameters is called
parameterized constructor.
• Parameterized constructor is used to provide different values to the
distinct objects.

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 Output:

111 Karan
Parameterize 222 Aryan
d Constructor

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 Constructor Overloading in Java
• A constructor is just like a method but without return type. It can also be
overloaded like Java methods.
• Constructor overloading in Java is a technique of having more than one
constructor with different parameter lists.
• They are arranged in a way that each constructor performs a different task.
• They are differentiated by the compiler by the number of parameters in
the list and their types.

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 Output:

111 Karan 0
Constructor 222 Aryan 25
Overloading in
Java

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 Java Copy Constructor
• There is no copy constructor in java.
• But, we can copy the values of one object to another like copy constructor
in C++

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 Output:

111 Karan
Java Copy 111 Karan
Constructor

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 Java Package
• A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-
packages.
• Package in java can be categorized in two form,
• built-in package (java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util,
sql etc.)
• user-defined package.

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Package - Example

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 How to access package from another
package?
• There are three ways to access the package from outside the package.
• import package.*;
• import package.classname;
• fully qualified name.

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 Internationalization
• Internationalization is a List of culturally dependent
mechanism to create data:
such an application that • Messages
can be adapted to • Dates
different languages and • Times
regions. • Numbers
• Currencies
• Measurements
• Phone Numbers
• Postal Addresses 35

• Labels on GUI component

 Inheritance
• It is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and
behaviors of parent object.

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Types of Inheritance

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 Method Overloading
• If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in
parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.
• There are two ways to overload the method in java
1. By changing number of arguments
2. By changing the data type

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1) Method Overloading: changing no. of
arguments

Output:

22 33

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2) Method Overloading: changing data type
of arguments

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// Java Program to Demonstrate Nested class
class Main {
class Outer
{ public static void main(String[] args)
{
class Inner Outer.Inner in = new Outer().new
{ Inner();
in.show();
public void show() }
{ }
System.out.println("In a nested class
method");
}
}
}

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 Exception Handling
• The exception handling in java is one
of the powerful mechanism to handle
the runtime errors so that normal flow
of the application can be maintained.
• Examples for runtime errors:
ClassNotFound, IO, SQL, Remote etc.

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Common scenarios where exceptions may
occur

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Common scenarios where exceptions may
occur

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 Exception Handling Keywords
• There are 5 keywords used in java exception handling.
1. try
2. catch
3. finally
4. throw
5. throws

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Example: Exception Handling

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 throw keyword
• The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.

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throw keyword example

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 finally block
• Java finally block is a block that
is used to execute important
code such as closing connection,
stream etc.
• Java finally block is always
executed whether exception is
handled or not.
• Java finally block follows try or
catch block.
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 Multithreading
• Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads
simultaneously.
• Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing.
Multiprocessing and multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.
• But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a
common memory area.
• They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-
switching between the threads takes less time than process.
• Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc. 53
 Thread
• A thread is a lightweight sub
process, a smallest unit of
processing. It is a separate path of
execution.
• Threads are independent, if there
occurs exception in one thread, it
doesn't affect other threads.
• It shares a common memory area.
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 Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)
• The life cycle of the thread in java is
controlled by JVM. The java thread
states are as follows:
1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable (Blocked)
5. Terminated
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 Files and Streams
• A stream is a sequence of data.
• In Java a stream is composed of bytes. It's called a stream because it is like a
stream of water that continues to flow.
• In java, 3 streams are created for us automatically. All these streams are
attached with console.
1) System.out: standard output stream
2) System.in: standard input stream
3) System.err: standard error stream 56
OutputStream vs InputStream

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 Java Applet
• Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the
dynamic content.
• It runs inside the browser and works at client side.
• Advantage of Applet
• It works at client side so less response time.
• Secured
• It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os etc.
• Drawback of Applet
• Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet. 58
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Simple example of Applet by html file

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Displaying The Image Object On The Java Applet

import java.awt.*; <HTML>

import java.applet.*; <HEAD>
public class DisplayImageInApplet extends Applet <TITLE>Display Image In Applet</TITLE>
{ </HEAD>
Image img; <BODY>
public void init() <APPLET Code="DisplayImageInApplet.class"
{ Width=400 Height=300>
img = </APPLET>
getImage(getCodeBase(),"Images/Juggler.gif"); </BODY>
} </HTML>
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawImage(img,10,20,this);
}
} 61
Output

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 Java AWT
• Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API to develop GUI or
window-based applications in java.
• Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are
displayed according to the view of operating system.
• The java.awt package provides classes for AWT api such as TextField,
Label, TextArea, RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice, List etc.

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Java AWT Hierarchy

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 Definitions
Container
• The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components like buttons, textfields, labels etc. The
classes that extends Container class are known as container such as Frame, Dialog and Panel.
Window
• The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You must use frame, dialog or another window for
creating a window.
Panel
• The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and menu bars. It can have other components like button,
textfield etc.
Frame
• The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other components like button,
textfield etc. 65
AWT - Example

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 Java Networking
• Java Networking is a concept of connecting two or more computing
devices together so that we can share resources.
• Java socket programming provides facility to share data between different
computing devices.
• Advantage of Java Networking
• sharing resources
• centralize software management
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 Java Networking Terminology
• The widely used java networking terminologies are given below:
• IP Address
• Protocol
• Port Number
• MAC Address
• Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
• Socket
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 Java Networking Terminology
1) IP Address
• IP address is a unique number assigned to a node of a network e.g. 192.168.0.1 .
It is composed of octets that range from 0 to 255.
• It is a logical address that can be changed.
2) Protocol
• A protocol is a set of rules basically that is followed for communication. For
example:
• TCP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, POP etc.
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 Java Networking Terminology
3) Port Number
• The port number is used to uniquely identify different applications. It acts as a
communication endpoint between applications.
• The port number is associated with the IP address for communication between two
applications.
4) MAC Address
• MAC (Media Access Control) Address is a unique identifier of NIC (Network
Interface Controller). A network node can have multiple NIC but each with unique
MAC.
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 Java Networking Terminology
5) Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol
• In connection-oriented protocol, acknowledgement is sent by the receiver. So
it is reliable but slow. The example of connection-oriented protocol is TCP.
• But, in connection-less protocol, acknowledgement is not sent by the
receiver. So it is not reliable but fast. The example of connection-less
protocol is UDP.
6) Socket
• A socket is an endpoint between two way communication.
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Output

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