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Shells and Folded Plates

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Syed K I
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26 views

Shells and Folded Plates

Uploaded by

Syed K I
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Shells and Folded Plates


Shells and folded plates
• Belong to the class of stressed skin structures
• Due to geometry and small flexural rigidity of the skin carry load
through as direct stress
• Folded plates consume more material than shells
• Folded plates require simpler framework than shells
Definitions
• Generatrix and Directrix – A curve which
moves parallel to itself over a stationary
curve generates a surface; moving curve
– generatrix; stationary curve – directrix;
one of them – straight line
• Cylindrical shells – either the
Directrix or generatrix is a straight line
• Edge member
• End frames or traversers – provided to
support and preserve the geometry of
the shell
Definitions
• Span – distance between adjacent end frames
• Asymmetrical cylindrical shells
Asymmetrical at the crown
• Barrel shells
Symmetrical at the crown
• Butterfly shells
Two parts of cylindrical shells joined
together at lower edges
• Chord width: horizontal projection of the arch
• Continuous cylindrical shells: continuous over
the traverses
Definitions
• North light shells – cylindrical
shells with two springing at
different level having
provisions for north light
gazing
Definitions
• Folded / hipped plates – series of thin
plates, rectangular, joined monolithically
along their common edges and supported
on diaphragms
• Gauss curvature: Product of the two
principal curvature
• Type A – V shaped unit - not
enough concrete area to resist
Types of folded plates compression due to bending the
required steel
• Type B & E – Trapezoidal unit an
improvement over Type A
• Type C – Asymmetrical – Z
shaped – north light roofs
• Type D – cylindrical shell
replaced by smaller straight
units; highest structural depth
• Type F – factory roofs – glazing
for north light
Ruled surfaces
Surfaces which can be generated
entirely by straight lines.
Singly ruled – at every point a single
straight line only can be ruled, eg.
Cylindrical, conical shells and conoids
Doubly ruled – at every point two
straight lines can be ruled, eg.
Hyperbolic paraboloids and
hyperboloids of revolution of one
sheet
Skeleton braced frameworks / latticed
frameworks / space frames / reticulated structures
Gaussian curvature
Shells of revolution
• When a plane curve is rotated about
the axis of symmetry
• Eg. cones, hyperboloids of revolution
Shells of translation
• When the plane of the generatrix and the
directrix are at right angles.
• Eg. Cylindrical shells.
Dimensioning - shells
• Thickness > 40 mm – doubly curved
>50 mm - singly curved
>25 mm – precast units
• Clear cover > 15 mm
• Edge members, traverses – thickened – 30% of shell thickness
• Undue thickening is undesirable
• Singly curved – distance of thickening - 0.38√R.d and 0.76√R.d
• Doubly curved – geometry of shell and boundary conditions
• Thickness of folded plates - > 75 mm
Dimensioning
• Span < 30 m – preferred – greater than 30 m will require prestressing etc.
• Width of edge member < 3xthickness of shell
• Radius of shells – acoustic considerations
• Span > 3 times chord width – H = 1/6 to 1/12 of its span
• Without edge members - > 1/10 of its span
• Span < 3 times chord width - >1/8 of its span
• Chord width of shells < 6 times span
• Semi central angle – 30 to 40°
Folded plates
Type D – depth can be taken similar to shells; others – V – 1/15th of span
Angle of inclination <40°

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