Evidence Of Evolution

Quarter 3 – Module 5
 PRE-TEST : Scramble Words

LOUVIENTO

OSLSISF


ONEBS
C E D E N I V E

E N E G C S I T
Evidence of Evolution

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

through natural selection is widely
supported by evidence from different
scientific fields, like fossils, comparative
anatomy, and genetic information.
Fossils
 Fossils

 Fossils are the preserved physical remains of organisms.

Examples of fossils include bones, shells, and feathers.
Organisms become fossils, varying in size.
 Fossils are solid evidence that organisms found in the past are
different from the ones found today, providing us a narrative of
how life was in the past and how organisms evolve over
millions of years.
How Fossils are Formed
 Fossilization

 For an organism to become a fossil, it undergoes the process called

fossilization. Organisms decompose fairly quickly after death, and
the degree of decomposition along with what covers the remains
determine the extent of fossilization.
 The organism could be covered or buried by sediment like lava or
tar, and then once it gets buried deeper into the earth, the empty
spaces within the decomposed body will be filled with minerals .
An example of a trace fossil, footprints of
an unknown animal.
 It is usually the hard parts of the body (called body fossils) like
the bones, teeth, and shells which are fossilized, although traces
of skin, feathers and other soft tissues have been found.
 Trace fossils on the other hand, are the preserved marks of
activity left behind by an organism when it was still alive. This
can be a footprint, feces, or even the imprint of an ancient plant.
Comparative
Anatomy
Comparative anatomy studies the similarities and
differences in the structures of organisms. Even if
organisms are categorized as different species, there are
still similarities in their basic forms.
Homologous vs. Analogous

Physical features or structures shared

due to a common ancestor but that do
not necessarily serve the same
function are called homologous
structures.
The picture shows the same basic pattern of bones of different animals. They all
serve different functions, even though the basic bone pattern was inherited from a
common ancestor.
 The picture shows the same
basic pattern of bones of
different animals. They all
serve different functions,
even though the basic bone
pattern was inherited from a
common ancestor.
Evolution Through
Natural Selection
Quarter 3 – Module 6
EVOLUTION

 Merriam-Webster defines evolution as "the process by

which new species or populations of living things
develop from pre-existing forms through successive
generations." Our planet's biodiversity is huge and
extensive, and evolution is a major biological theory
that was proposed in order to explain how there seems
to be infinite variations for all the organisms on Earth.
HOW THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION ITSELF EVOLVED

Humans have been  Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have the

Genesis story
trying to explain the
origin of our world since  Hinduism has Brahma creating the
universe from himself
the beginning of time.
Each culture and religion  The Greeks with their tales about Gaea,
the Titans, and the Olympians
has its own creation
myth, some depicted  Japan's Izanagi and Izanami
 There's even the story of Noah's Ark, which church leaders
looked to in explaining why some species are still on Earth, and
why some have vanished.
 It was the Greeks who first wrote down their ideas, with the
philosophers Anaximander and Empedocles. Anaximander
proposed that animals could transform from one kind to another;
Empedocles on the other hand thought that animals were
combinations of different parts.
French philosopher and biologist Pierre-Louis Moreau
de Maupertuis had his theory of origins, which proposed
spontaneous generation (living things developing from
nonliving) and extinction (the dying out of species).
Another Frenchman, naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc
considered but ultimately rejected the idea of several
species having a common ancestor. He believed in the
idea of spontaneous generation from organic molecules.
Charles Darwin's own grandfather Erasmus Darwin
published his own speculations on evolution in his book
Zoonomia. Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus observed that
there was variation among species and used this to create his
taxonomy, a classification system we still use for organisms.
The 18th century showed that scientific minds were
examining and observing how organisms came to be, and
why there is variation. But these were just ideas, more on
origin; actual theories on evolution only came about during
the 19th century.
THE THEORY OF INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED
CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMARCKISM

In 1801, French naturalist Jean-Baptiste

de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck
presented his theory on evolution: he
proposed that organisms evolve through
time, from being lower forms to higher
beings.
He used the following examples to prove his theory:

 Elephant trunks Lamarck believed elephants used to have short

trunks, but since they could not reach water nor food with these
short trunks, elephants then felt the need to stretch their trunks.
As the longer trunks were needed for use.
 Human body parts - Lamarck also pointed out that body parts
that are no longer used or needed are disappearing, like the
appendix. Eventually, people will be born without these body
parts.
Giraffe necks Just like
with elephants, he
believed giraffes had to
stretch their originally
short neck in order to
reach food. Then the next
generations inherited
these long necks.
 THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL
SELECTION

Charles Darwin, a 19th century English naturalist,

proposed in his book On the Origin of Species that
organisms evolve through natural selection. He
published his findings from his five-year travel through
the flora, fauna, and fossils he observed in South
America, Australia, and the south of Africa. The phrase
"survival of the fittest" best sums up natural selection.
Darwin saw patterns, and provided these examples to support
his theory:
 Fossil bones from large extinct animals in Argentina Darwin discovered
the remains of what seemed to be giant sloths, an extinct horse, an extinct
camel, and what looked to be an armadillo. He had seen the modern
counterparts of these fossils, and these fossil findings helped develop his
ideas on evolution.
 Galapagos Islands observations on finches When his travels took him to
the islands of Ecuador, Darwin observed 13 species of finches. He
concluded that one finch species was the original, coming from South
America. Different species emerged throughout the next generations,
accumulating and then retaining advantageous traits that is a variation in
the beaks of the finches according to their diet. This process of one
common ancestor evolving to multiple forms in order to adapt to a diverse
environment and its sources is now called adaptive radiation.
 FILLING IN THE GAPS IN DARWIN'S THEORY

Darwin's theory of natural selection could not

explain how the variations in species came
about originally, and how they are transmitted
to the next generations. It was only when
Gregor Mendel and his work on genetics in
1866 became more generally known in the
1900s that the gaps in Darwin's theory were
explained.
Mendel's work on garden peas led him to
conclude that the traits of organisms come
in pairs, and one of these are inherited
from either parent. He also discovered
that some traits show up more often as the
genes for those are more dominant.
 Mendel's work on pea plants earned him the title "Father of
Genetics" and provided more evidence for the theory of
evolution. He observed seven traits in his monastery's garden
peas, flower color, plant height, seed color, seed shape, pod
color, pod shape, and flower position. He found that some traits
were stronger (dominant) than others (recessive).
WEISMANN AND THE GERM PLASM THEORY/NEO-
DARWINISM
Enter
German biologist August Weismann was a believer of natural selection, and
developed his own theory called the Germ Plasm Theory.
He coined the two terms germplasm and somatoplasm, dividing body tissues into
these two types. According to Weismann, germplasm are reproductive tissues or
cells that produce gametes. Somatoplasm are the other cells in the body and are not
related to sexual reproduction. He thus concluded that it is only through germplasm
that reproduction and the transmission of traits (including any variation) from one
generation to the next happen.
Weismann further concluded, based on his own theory that the inheritance of
acquired characteristics is not possible, and it is only through natural selection that
evolution can happen.
His ideas were also later known as neo-Darwinism.
Khris-Chelle Jane Lee B. Colcol
Bernadeth Morano
Sofhia Nicole Ramirez
Rhenold Cacho
Roel Ordinario
GROUP – 1
GRADE 10-MOLAVE