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Lesson 9. Science

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48 views

Lesson 9. Science

Uploaded by

edayy177
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 9

THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND


TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY
DURING THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
• Albert Einstein- theory of relativity

• Radioactive isotopes have been used as tracers in complicated chemical and


biochemical reactions and have also found application in geological dating.

• Introduction of microscope by the Janssen team that paved way for the
establishment of the cell theory and study of minute things. Charles Darwin
proposed the natural selection as an explanation of evolution. Darwin's complete
theory is published in "On the Origin of Species in 1859. Gregor Mendel's theory
of Genetics, he observed and studied the pattern of inheritance using a pea plant
and developed the Mendelian Principles of Heredity.

• Louis Pasteur a French scientist known as the father of microbiology. He


pioneered pasteurization, a process of heating milk to a high temperature and
pressure to eliminate souring caused bacteria. He also proposed the germ theory of
disease, in which diseases arise from naturally existing microorganisms not from
spontaneous generation. He developed a vaccine for rabies and disproved
spontaneous generation theory.
• Hugo de Vries around the turn of the century biological evolution came to be
interpreted in terms of mutations that result in a genetically distinct species; the
survival of a given species was thus related to its ability to adapt to its
environment through such mutations

• The development of biochemistry and the recognition that most important


biological processes take place at the molecular level led to the rapid growth of
the field of molecular biology, with such fundamental results as the discovery of
the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecule carrying the genetic
code.

• Modern medicine bas profited from this explosion of knowledge in biology and
biochemistry, with new methods of treatment tanging from penicillin, insulin, and
a vast array of other drugs to pacemakers for weak hearts and implantations of
artificial or donated organs
• A Watt steam engine. The steam engine, made of iron and fueled primarily by
coal, became widely used in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution

• In astronomy ever larger telescopes have assisted in the discovery that the sun is a
rather ordinary star in a huge collection of stars, the Milky Way, which itself is
only one the galaxies, that in general are expanding away from each other.
Through space travel astronomers were able to study and discover the nature of
the universe beyond Earth. The space age began with the launch of the first
artificial satellites in 1957. A human first went into space in 1961. Since then
cosmonauts and astronauts have ventured into space for further study of the
universe.

• The study of remote objects, billions of light-years from the earth, has been
carried out at all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, with some of the most
notable results being made in radio astronomy, which has been used to map the
Milky Way, study quasars, pulsars, and other unusual objects, and detect
relatively complex organic molecules floating in space.
Important Technological Developments

• Metallurgy: A major change in the metal industries during the era of the
Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with
coal. For a given amount of beat, coal required much less labour to mine than
cutting wood and converting it to charcoal, and coal was more abundant than
wood. The substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost for pig
iron and wrought iron production. Using coke also allowed larger blast
furnaces. resulting in economies of scale. The cast iron blowing cylinder was
first used in 1760. It was later improved by making it double acting, which
allowed higher furnace temperatures

James Watt and Matthew Boulton, had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his
steam engine, which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably the
closing off of the upper part of the cylinder thereby making the low pressure
steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere, use of a steam jacket
and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber.

• Machine tools: created a demand for metal parts used in machinery. This led to
the development of several machine tools for cutting metal parts.
• Chemicals: The large scale production of chemicals such as sulphuric acid by the
lead Chamber proves was invented by the Englishman John Hardy cloth Need for
pickling (removing rust) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth. Nicolas Leblanc,
in 1791 Introduced a method for the production of sodium carbonate, Sodium
carbonate ha many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. The
development of bleaching powder calcium hypochlorite, revolutionized the
bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time
required for the traditional process then in use, which required repeated exposure
to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with all or sour milk

• Cement: In 1824 Joseph Aspdin, a British bricklayer turned builder, patented a


chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in
the building trades This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone
to about 1,400 °C, the grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with
water, sand and gravel to produce concrete. Cement was used on a large scale in
the construction.
• Gas lighting: Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere, the large-scale
introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch, an employee of Boulton
and War, the Birmingham steam engine pioneers. The process consisted of the
large-scale gasification of coal in furnaces, the purification of the gas (removal of
sulphur, ammonia, and heavy hydrocarbons), and its storage and distribution. The
first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820.
• Glass making A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process,
was developed in Europe during the early 19th century. In 1832, this process was
used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass. They became the leading
producers of window and plate glass. This advancement allowed for larger panes of
glass to be created without interruption, thus freeing up the space planning in
interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings

• Paper machine: A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of


wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert.
• Paper machine: A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire
fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert.

• Agriculture: improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other


sectors of the economy. Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed
drill, the Dutch plough, which contained iron parts, and the threshing machine. Jethro
Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701. It was a mechanical seeder which
distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth.

• Transportation: At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by


navigable rivers and roads, with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea
Wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment. From
astounding automobile and the early airplane to the modern supersonic jet and the giant
rocket that has taken astronauts to the moon. Transportation improvements, such as
canals and improved roads, also lowered food costs. Railroads were introduced near the
end of the Industrial Revolution.

• Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be economically


transported long distances inland. Building of canals dates to ancient times. The Grand
Canal in China, "the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in
existence," parts of which were started between the 6th and 4th centuries BC, is 1.121
miles (1,804 km) long and links Hangzhou with Beijing.
Canals were the first technology to allow bulk materials to be economically
transported long distances inland. Building of canals dates to ancient times.
The Grand Canal in China, "the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest
canal still in existence," parts of which were started between the 6th and 4th
centuries BC, is 1.121 miles (1,804 km) long and links Hangzhou with Beijing.

• Food and nutrition: food supply had been increasing and prices falling before
the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices:

• Housing: Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from


splendor for factory owners to squalor for workers.

The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of professionals, such as


lawyers and doctors, who lived in much better conditions.
Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new
public health acts regulating things such as sewage, hygiene and home
construction.

Clothing and consumer goods: Consumers benefited from falling


prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking
utensils, and in the following decades, stoves for cooking and space
heating.
A. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an orbiting observatory
that was launched into orbit by the space shuttle Discovery in
1990. It escapes the distorting effects of the earth's atmosphere by
orbiting about 610 km (about 380 mi) above the earth's surface.
The telescope was named after American astronomer Edwin P.
Hubble. It is the biggest space observatory that weighs 11 tone's
and is 13.1 m long and 4.3 m across Has 2.4 m wide mirror to
gather light and images.
B. ROCKET was the first vehicle to leave the earth. Rocket is
propelled upward by hot exhaust gases streaming from nozzles at the
tail. These gases are the result by burning a mixture of liquid oxygen
and fuel (liquid hydrogen) inside a combustion chamber. Carrying its
own oxygen supply enables rocket engine to function in the airless
vacuum of space. The world's most powerful rocket is the Soviet
Energy. It weighs 2400 tone’s and has a thrust of 4000 tone’s,
launched in May 1987.

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