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Fundamentals of GIS

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20 views

Fundamentals of GIS

Uploaded by

Aqsa khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment topic: Fundamental Of GIS

Name: Muhammad Mudassar


Roll no: 16
Semester: 6
Subject :Introduction To GIS
Department: BSc Environmental Science
Submited: Dr.Aqsa
• Background study

• Introduction

• Conclusion
Content • Reference
The field of geographic information systems (GIS)
started in the 1960s as computers and early concepts of
quantitative and computational geography emerged.
Early GIS work included important research by the
Background study academic community. Later, the National Center for
Geographic Information and Analysis, led by Michael
Goodchild, formalized research on key geographic
information science topics such as spatial analysis and
visualization.
Roger Tomlinson’s pioneering work to initiate, plan, and
develop the Canada Geographic Information System
resulted in the first computerized GIS in the world in
1963. The Canadian government had commissioned
Tomlinson to create a manageable inventory of its
Background study natural resources. Tomlinson created the design for
automated computing to store and process large
amounts of data, which enabled Canada to begin its
national land-use management program. He also gave
GIS its name.
Definition of GIS
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer
system that analyzes and displays geographically
referenced information. It uses data that is attached to a
unique location.

Introduction GIS??
Geographic relates to the surface of data.
Information is a knowledge derived from a study,
experience, or instruction.
System is a group of interacting, interrelated, or
interdependent elements forming a complex whole.
The ability to
‘stack’ layers in
a GIS allow us
to ask
questions
about the
Introduction relationship
between
different
objects of
study.
Basic Elements Of GIS
• People
• Data
• Software
• Hardware
• Procedures/Methods

Introduction
Function Of GIS
Data collection
• Capture data
Data storing, processing & analysis
• Store data
• Query data
• Analyse data
Introduction Output production
• Display data
• Produce output
Types of GIS data
Raster
• In the raster data model, a geographic
feature like land cover is represented as:
• A single square cell.
Vector
• In the vector data model, feature on the
earth are represented as:
Introduction • Points.
• Lines.
• Polygons.
Attribute
• Attribute values in a GIS as stored as
relationship database tables.
• Each feature (point ,lines, polygon or
raster) within each GIS layer will be
represented as a record in a tables
Introduction

In a board sense , remote sensing is an aspect of GIS .however


due to the fact that there are specialized software for image
processing it has lot of technicalities, many people think
remote sensing is another field entirely.
Application of GIS
80% of all data are related to a geographical position
Nearly every problem has some component of location
information GIS technology is used by a variety of
professionals for a broad range of applications Users:
Government offices, research organizations &
academia, International/UN agencies, etc. for decisions
Introduction support, planning, research, etc.
Example of Application
Water Resource Management Land degradation, Land use
and Land cover change Disaster Risk Management Climate
Change Mitigation and Adaptation Food Security and
Poverty Reduction Health and Telemedicine Land
Administration/Cadastre,Socio-Economic mapping, Utility
Management, Transport.
It may be concluded that GIS is an important modern
tool that handles spatially referenced data for
monitoring, management, modelling and decision
making purpose. The function of GIS in an organization
is manifold. Prior to setting up a GIS for a particular
objective, it is necessary to gather the experience of
Conclusion other people and organizations who have already
installed and used GIS. The major problem in setting up
and operate a GIS in Bangladesh comes from the
scantiness of the reliable data and lack of hardware
maintenance facilities in the country.
• ESRI 1991 Understanding of GIS: ARC/INFO
Method. Environmental System Research
Institute, Inc. Redlands, CA, USA.

• Star J. and J. Ester 1990 Geographic


Information System: An Introduction,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Reference

• Meade G. J. and J. M. Kaspersky 1991


Geographical Information Systems and
Remote Sensing in Inland Fisheries, Technical
Paper-318, Food and Agricultural Organization
of the United Nations.

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