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1chapter One Into Conce

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16 views31 pages

1chapter One Into Conce

Uploaded by

Yohannes mulugeta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1

ONE HEALTH

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENIRONMENTAL HEALTH
One Health for Year III EHO Students

February 22, 2023 Yohannes Mulugeta (MPH, Assistant Professor)


2 Course information
Course title: One Health
Course code: EnvH4088
Cr. Hr: 1Cr.Hr
Course Content
3

 Chapter 1: Introduction and History of One Health


 Chapter 2: Application of One Health
 Chapter 3: NTD, Emerging/remerging diseases
 Chapter 4: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
 Chapter 5: Food Safety and Food Security
 Chapter 6: Diseases Ecology and One Health
Course Objectives
4

 Produce evidence based strategies for combating common One Health problems
 Provide a One Health trained manpower of Environmental Health professionals
 Recognize One Health related research, community service and academic
networks in international/national partners
 Act on supporting national emergency response capacity, as well as during a
global rapid response
 Plan an integrated one health surveillance system by using national and
international standards, tools and monitoring processes
 Lead inter-disciplinary and cross-sectorial collaboration and partnership.
5

Chapter 1: Introduction to One Health


Concepts of one health
6

 One health is the concept to bring


human, animal, and the environment.
 Collaborative
 Multisectoral/ trans-disciplinary
approach
 Has local, regional, and global
context
Concepts of one health
7
Concepts of one health
10

 Human health is inextricably linked with


animal and environmental health.
 One Health seeks to increase
communication and collaboration
between human, animal, environmental
health professionals
www.onehealthinitiative.com
Concepts of one health
11

 The emphasis of the One Health initiative is that these three domains of
humans, animals, and environments – the One Health Triad

One Health
Domains
Concepts of one health
12
13
Concepts of one health
14

 Therefore, One Health practitioners must fully grasp the why, where, what,
when, who, and how of these interconnections.

 The main objective of One Health is to attain optimal health and


sustainability for humans, animals, and the environment simultaneously.
15
Concepts of one health

The One Health


Umbrella
Concepts of one health
16

 A One Health approach recognizes the interconnection between humans,


plants, animals, water, and the environment
17
Why one health
18

 The rapid emergence, global spread, morbidity, and mortality associated with
emerging infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and other
pandemic is stimulating the global community to develop novel approaches
for their prevention and control.
 These need to take into account the complexity of infection from multiple
dimensions
Why one health
19

 Multiple dimensions
 Burden of illness: infectious and parasitic diseases are the second leading cause
of death in the world
 Zoonotic and environmental origins: More than 60 % of new emerging and
reemerging pathogens are zoonotic
 Antimicrobial resistance: The severity of infections and our success in treating
the associated clinical diseases are affected by the presence of AMR
Why one health
20

 Zoonotic disease risks from wildlife, livestock, and pets.


 Over 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic
 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic.
 Most agents of bioterrorism are zoonotic.
 Beyond zoonosis: Disease processes across species are shared
Why one health
21

 To prevent the spread of disease from animal to human.


 To collect information's of infective disease to prevent the pandemic
 To prevent transfer of drug resistant microbe that can be
transmitted by direct contact or through contaminated food between
animal and human
22
Challenges of the 21 century st

 Requires a new paradigm, One Health:


 Zoonotic diseases

 Cancer

 Cardiovascular Diseases

 Metabolic Diseases

 Neurological Diseases

 Degenerative Diseases and Injuries

 And others…
23
History of One Health
 Many diseases (i.e. Ebola, Zika, Chikungunya, SARS, Nipah, etc.) are
emerging and spreading because of widespread deforestation, environmental
degradation, and bush meat consumption—linked to food security.
Hippocrates (ca. 460 BCE--ca. 370 BCE)
24

 Recognized the
link between
human health and
the environment.

Malaria=“mal” +
“aria.”
Middle Ages (14th Century): Black Death
25

Bacteria: Yersinia pestis

Spread by fleas
carried by rats

Causing the deaths of 75–


200 million people
Beginning in the 18th century…
26

 Some of the greatest discoveries in the history of medicine and public


health were made at the intersection between human and animal health.
18th Century: Vaccination against smallpox
27

“Vacca” is Latin word for cow.

That vaccination with the


cowpox virus can protect a
person from smallpox infection
and creates a smallpox vaccine
Dr. Edward Jenner vaccinating 8 yr old boy
19th Century: Germ Theory of Disease
28

 Louis Pasteur, French chemist studied


chicken cholera

 Robert Koch, German physician


studied anthrax
19th Century Developments
29

 Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), a German


physician and pathologist said, “ between
animal and human medicine there are no
dividing lines--nor should there be.”

 Coined term “ zoonosis”


19th Century Developments
30

• Virchows father was a butcher.


• Animal experiments on life cycle of
Trichinella spiralis in porcine muscular
tissue.
• Studied cysticercosis and tuberculosis in
cattle.
19th Century Developments
31

• Cattle tick can transmit disease


from animal to human.
• Mosquitoes transmit yellow fever.
20th Century Developments
32

 Scientific knowledge exploded


 Medicine became increasingly specialized
 Medicine and veterinary medicine diverged
 One medicine to one health approach
 One Health concept was officially adopted in 1984 It is a concept to bring
together human, animal, and environmental health.
33

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