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Class Note On Data Com

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Class Note On Data Com

Uploaded by

prabinbhusal68
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© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 21

DATA COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 DATA AND SIGNAL

Data
• Data is an entity which conveys some meaning based on some mutually
agreed rules or communication
• i.e sender has to follow some mutually agreed convention to send the
data and receiver also have to follow some rules to interpret it.
• For example, if a sender sends 01000001 to the receiver; it has no
meaning unless the receiver understands. But if it is said that an ASCII
character has been sent, the above string is 'A'. Hence, it can be
considered as 'data'.
• So, we don’t consider everything as data. For eg. If we hear a song , we
can interpret it and consider as data but every noises in the surrounding
cant be interpreted. Hence they are not considered as data.
Data are of two types: analog data and digital data.
i. Analog data: Information that has continuous (infinite) values in
some interval of time is analog data. Example: Human voice, temperature,
etc.
ii. Digital data: Information that have finite number of values within a
certain time is digital data. Example: Information stored in memory of a
computer.
Signal
• Whenever data has to be sent over a communication medium, it has to be
converted into signal since data cannot be sent as it is through a
transmission media.
• Signal is an electric, electronic or optical representation of data which can
be sent over a communication media.
• There are two types of signal: analog signal and digital signal.
• Analog signal –
An analog signal is a signal with an amplitude that varies
continuously for all time.
Electrical signals obtained from microphone, photo detector cell are
examples of analog signal.
• Digital Signal-
– Digital signals are those signals that are obtained when discrete time
signals are quantized and then coded.
– They have finite number of values over a period of time

Fig : Digital signal


1.2 DATA REPRESENTATION

Data can be represented in various ways such as:


• Text: In data communication, text is represented as a bit pattern, a
sequence of bits (0s or 1s). Different sets of bit patterns have been
designed to represent text symbols.
• Numbers: Numbers are also represented by bit pattern and used to
simplify mathematical operation.
• Images: In the form of pixels.
• Audio: Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or music.
Audio signal is continuous in nature.
• Video: Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of picture or movie.
Video can either be produced as continuous entity or combination of
images, each a discrete entity, arranged to convey the idea of motion.
1.3 DATA TRANSMISSION MODES:

There are three modes of data transmission :


1. Simplex mode

2. Half duplex mode:


3. Full duplex mode:
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Explain analog communication system with appropriate block diagram
for half duplex mode.
2. Draw a generic block diagram of digital communication system
appropriate for full duplex mode and explain the function of each block.
3. Compare between analog and digital communication system.
1.4 TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS:

• To send the data, we have to send it through a transmission medium


which is not perfect or ideal. This imperfection causes transmission
impairments.
• It means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is not the same as
the signal at the end of the medium.
• The major causes of impairment are:
i. Attenuation
ii. Distortion
iii. Noise
ATTENUATION:
• It is the loss of energy as the signal passes through a medium.
• This is mainly because of resistance of the medium.
• Amplifiers are used to compensate for this loss of enegy by amplifying the
signals.
• The loss or gain of energy is expressed in decibel (dB).
It is calculated as:
(Loss/Gain)dB = 10log10 (Pout/Pin)
• It decides how far a signal can be sent without amplification.
DISTORTION :
• Distortion means that the signal changes its shape.
• It can occur in a composite signal made up of different frequencies. Each
signal component has its own propagation speed through a medium and
therefore it has its own delay in arriving at final destination.
• So, signal components at the receiver have phases different from what
they had at the source. So, the shape of the signal is not the same at the
receiving end.
• It can be minimized by using equalizer.
NOISE
• Noise is any kind of disturbance which tries to obscure the information
content of a signal.
• It is also defined as unwanted form of energy which tends to interfere
with the transmission and reception of desired signal in a communication
signal.
• Internal Noise
Noise created within the receiver itself is internal noise.
It can be reduced by appropriate receiver design, unlike external noise.
a. Thermal noise:
It occurs in all transmission medium and communication equipment including passive
devices.
• It arises from random motion of electrons. Every equipment, element and transmission
medium itself contribute to thermal noise if the temperature of the element is above
absolute 0 (0 K). This noise is also known as Johnson noise or white noise.
• The noise power is calculated by using
Pn = KTB
where Pn = power of noise, K = Boltzmann's constant = 1.38×1023 J/K, T =
absolute temperature, B = bandwidth over which noise is measured.

The corresponding equivalent rms noise voltage is given by


b. Shot noise: It arises in active devices due to random behavior of charge
carriers. It is caused by random variation in arrival in arrival of electrons or
holes at the output of amplifying device.
c. Partition noise: It is generated in a circuit when the current has to be
divided between two or more paths.
d. Flicker/low-frequency noise: At low audio frequency, a particular type of
noise appears at transistor which is known as low frequency noise.
e. Transit time/high-frequency noise: It is generated in a semiconductor
device when transit time of charge carrier crossing the junction (time
between emitter to collector) is comparable to time period of a signal being
amplified.
f. Generation-recombination noise: Random process of generation and
recombination of free electrons in semiconductor devices due to random
ionization of impurities produce this kind of noise.
• External Noise: Noise whose sources are external to receiver is external
noise.
a. Atmospheric noise:
It is also called static noise. This noise is produced by lightening discharge in
thunder storm and other natural electrical disturbances.
b. Industrial noise:
This noise is produced by sources such as automobiles, electrical motors, etc.

• Another example of external noise is extra-terrestrial noise which is


defined as noise from sun and cosmos.
1. Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and its
power is reduced to one third. Find the attenuation loss of power.
Solution:
NUMERICALS:

2. A signal has been sent from point 1 to point 3. But there is huge
loss of signal; so an amplifier is placed at point 2. Find the overall loss
or gain of system if (P2/P1)=1/10 and (P3/P2)= 100.
Solution:
3. Find the rms noise voltage at the input of amplifier at an ambient
temperature of 17°C if we are using resistor of 8 K and amplifier
works in the frequency range of 12-15.5 MHz.
Solution:
END OF CHAPTER 1

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