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turbine design assignment

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dipesh
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Assignment 1

A Report on
Hydropower in Nepal

1st March 2004

By Prahlad Chaudhary
Dept. of Mechanical Engg.
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavre
Introduction
Nepal is a sovereign independent kingdom.
Land. A landlocked mountainous country situated between India and China.
Population: twenty three and half million.
Administrative division: 5 development regions, 14 zones, 75 districts and 4000
village development committees.

Geography
- total area 140800 sq. km.
- expands from 80.4’ to 88.12’ east longitude and 26.22’ to 30.27’ latitude.
- Geographically divided in 3 regions from south to west: plane Terai, green mountains
Mahabharat Range and snowy mountains Himalayas.
- Contains 8 out of 14 highest peaks of the world.

Economy
- Mainstay of economy: agriculture (80% of population, 41% of GDP)
- Other significant sectors: tourism, hydropower and manpower supply to foreign
countries.
- Per capita income: $ 210
Nepal’s Hydropower History

starts in 1911
Nepal’s Hydropower History
Cont……

First Attempts

- In 1911, 500 kW Pharping Hydel Plant. The First hydel plant of Nepal.
2x250 pelton. Connected to Tundikhel Substation then called Shree
Chandra Jyoti Prakash. Power to cater electricity to Rana family. Now
not in operation.

- In 1934, 640 kW Sundarijal, Second hydel plant.


2x320 kW pelton. Initally it was 900 kW. In 1962 downgraded to 640
kW. Oldest operating hydel plant in Nepal.

- In 1940, 677 kW Lohandra Khola, Shikharbas.


This plant was installed to cater electricity to Biratnagar, an emerging
industrial area of Nepal. Now not in operation.
Nepal’s Hydropower History
Cont……

Five-year-plans (FYP)

- After three installations, there was a gap before the government of


Nepal started five year wise plans in 1957.
- In the period of 1st FYP, no construction took place, however
agreements were made with India and USSR for construction of 2.4
MW Panauti and 24 MW Trishuli. Former was commissioned in 1965
and the later in 1967.
- In 1962, Nepal Electricity Corporation (NEC) was established.
- EEC was formed in 1974 for power exchange program with India and
Small Hydropower Development Board (SHDB) was formed in 1975.
- In 1985, all NEC, EEC, SHDB and Electricity Department was merged
into one body Nepal Electricity Authority.
- Since its beginning, FYP is consistent with and exception of a break in
1990 to 1992 during restoration of democracy in 1990.
Nepal’s Hydropower History
Cont……

Beginning of Large Hydropower Constructions

- In 1982, 60 MW storage type Kulekhani-1


- 14 MW Devighat in 1984
- 32 MW Kulekhani-2 in 1986 in cascade to Kulekhani-1.
- 69 MW Marsyangdi was commissioned in 1989.
- Total installed capacity in 1989 reached 250
- 402 MW Arun III cancelled in 1995
- 7 projects planned with installed capacity 280 MW: 6.2 MW Puwakhola,
14.8 MW Modikhola, 60 MW Khimti-1, 36 MW Bhotekoshi, 144 MW
Kaligandaki A and 22 MW Chilime. Kaligandaki A. All in operation now.
- Five projects of total installed capacity 83.4 MW under construction:
70 MW Middle Marsyangdi, 1.5 MW Chaku Khola, 2.6 MW Sunkoshi
Small, 0.5 MW Rairang Khola, 5 MW Lower Indrawati and 3.8 MW Khudi
Khola
Nepal’s Hydropower Plants

• 19 Nos. of major hydropower plants


Total installed capacity 557,000 kW

• 47 Nos. of small hydropower plants


Total installed capacity 16,335 kW

• 1246 Nos. of micro hydro power plants


Total installed capacity 13,600 kW

Total installed capacity =586,935 kW (till July 2003)


Economical and Technical Feasible
Hydropower of Nepal
Theoretical Hydropower
Potential of Nepal
Basin Theoretical Potential (MW)
Major river courses Small river courses Total
(catchments area 1000 (catchments area 300-
km2 and above) 1000 km2)

Sapta Koshi 18750 3600 22350


Sapta Gandaki 17950 2700 20650
Karnali & Mahakali 32680 3500 36180
Southern Rivers 3070 1040 4110
Total 72,450 10,840 83,290
Technical Feasible
Hydropower Potential of Nepal
Basin Technical Potential (MW)
No of identified Capacity (MW) Capacity Factor
sites

Sapta Koshi 53 11,400 Varies


Sapta Gandaki 13 5,725 50% in most of projects
Karnali 16 25,375 20% and more
Mahakali 2 1,125 60%
Southern Rivers 9 975 varies
Total 44,600
Economical Viable
Hydropower Potential of Nepal
Basin Technical Potential (MW)
No of identified Capacity (MW) Range of Ratio
sites Benefit/Cost

Sapta Koshi 40 10,860 4.10-1.20


Sapta Gandaki 12 5,270 1.96-1.03
Karnali 7 24,000 Up to 4.0
Mahakali 2 1,125 Not known
Southern Rivers 5 878 Less than 2.0
Total 42,133
Summary of
Hydropower Potential of Nepal

Theoretical Possible 83,290 MW

Technically Feasible 44,600 MW 53.5% of


theoretical possible
Economically 42,133 MW 50.6% of
Viable theoretical possible
Energy Scenario of Nepal
- Installed capacity connected to Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS) till the date is
527 MW, which has provided about 1614 GWh/year of energy. This is slightly more
than 1% of total energy need of Nepal.
- Total energy need of Nepal is satisfied by different sources of energy, which is given
below
• Hydropower 1%
• Agro waste 15%
• Fire wood 68%
• Animal waste 8%
• Petroleum 8%
- The share of rural population for electricity consumption is 6%
- Per capita electricity consumption is less than 45 kWh. This is among the lowest in
the world.
Conclusion
1. Large Hydropower. Welcome large power producers (foreign or
local) for major hydropower construction on BOOT basis.
2 Micro and Small Hydropower. Develop indigenous technical and
financial capabilities for micro and small hydropower so that such
schemes could be developed with domestic skill and resources.

3. Power Sale Outside. Increase the scope of power exchange with India.
(Currently it is up to 150 MW).

4. Power Sale Domestic. With the implementation of above 1, 2 and 3,


price of electricity will go reasonably below, after which, gradually replace
petroleum and fire wood by energy from hydropower.
Thank you !

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