CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

TEACHER
ARQ. DAVID ZAMBRANO

MEMBERS
EST. JUAN PABLO RODRIGUES JUAN DAVID RODRIGUEZ JULIAN ANDRES BOHORQUEZ

MASONRY
 MASONRY
• It consists of superimposing rocks, bricks or prefabricated concrete blocks, for
the construction of walls or facings. The uniform or non-uniform materials, also
called masonry, are arranged manually and rigged. For its addition, a mixture
of cement or lime, with sand and water, is used. Masonry is a traditional
building system.
• Stone and mortar walls, a product of masonry, are highly durable and resistant.
Generally structural and load-bearing, suitable for buildings of increased
height. Likewise, those that are not load-bearing serve to divide spaces and
find their strength in concrete, steel or wooden frames.
• Among the advantages of the system is the complete use of the materials that-
rough or carved-are used for construction. Large stones are used as covering
or covering floors and walls outdoors. The bricks are linked into vertical
dividing or enclosing walls. And high-density cement blocks are used in
structures with or without reinforcement.
TYPES OF MASONRY
• Ordinary masonry. Use mortar or mortar in construction to fix the elements and fill the gaps that remain
between them. Stones, bricks and other materials must be organized in such a way that the spaces to be
filled with the cement or lime mixture are minimal. Masonry avoids waste and ensures a clean appearance.
• Dry masonry. Built with stones or bricks, it does not use mortar. Instead, it uses carefully chosen masonry
to provide stability. The empty spaces are filled with gravel, small stones that fit perfectly into the holes.
• Concerted masonry. It uses carved masonry on its joint faces. The materials are arranged in a polygonal
shape, one face on the other or together, so that when seen from above they offer a regular appearance.
When the construction is thicker than the masonry, the visible ones are placed first on the wall on both
sides. Then the filling masonry, with gravel if necessary. On very wide walls, from section to section, keys or
bolts should be used to interlock the whole.
• Faced masonry. In this type of masonry, the stones or bricks are carved on the face that is exposed to the
outside, which must be neat. But they do not need to be a single size or shape. The empty spaces inside the
facing can be filled with other masonry or gravel.
• Confined masonry. It consists of brick constructions fixed with mortar, in the form of columns and
reinforced from the ground with beams and concrete. They support the weight of walls and ceilings,
including other buildings made above. Also the attacks of the wind.
• Structural masonry. It is the method used in the construction of houses and buildings. It has vertical walls
achieved with the help of cement mortars and reinforced inside with metal bars. It is characterized by being
highly resistant. There is also reinforced structural masonry, in which the pieces are fastened, ideal for
protecting buildings from natural disasters.
• Decorative masonry. It is used for the beautification of interior and exterior walls, streets and avenues,
squares and other public places. It uses regular stones, generally polished and with a touch of varnish. Adds
beauty and warmth to structures.
TYPES OF MASONRY WALLS
• Load bearing walls. Built both indoors and outdoors, they direct weight from the roof
to the base or foundation. They can be made of stones, bricks or concrete blocks. Its
thickness is relative to the weight to be supported.
• Reinforced walls. They resist heavy tension forces and compression loads. Remaining
intact in the face of heavy rains and winds, avoiding cracks and failures due to the
pressure of the earth. Reinforcement is done at horizontal and vertical intervals,
which will depend on the structural conditions and the loads on the walls.
• Hollow walls. The cavity inside the wall prevents agents such as humidity or heat from
penetrating the building. If the water exceeds the exterior face of the wall, it runs
through the cavity to the ground and drains out of it. Sometimes the cavities of the
block are coated with anti-waterproof paints or additives to reinforce the water-
releasing action.
• Composite walls. Made of stones and bricks, or hollow bricks and blocks, they reduce
costs without neglecting the appearance and quality of the work. They are connected
using steel ties or through joints in horizontal reinforcements.
• Post-tensioned walls. They are masonry walls structured to resist seismic forces and
high winds. They require a good foundation and the installation of vertical post-
tensioning bars that cross the partitions or concrete blocks and are tensioned at the
TYPES OF BRICK
• Adobe: It is used in wild or single-level constructions. This is not oven dried, it dries completely in the
sun. This allows its thermal conditions to be higher. However, its low resistance does not make it ideal for
home construction.
• Perforated: These are those that have ducts or holes in the board, with a percentage greater than 10% of
its area. They are very popular in the creation of residential gables. And if what you want is tenacity, this
brick is the one for you. The openings in its area allow the entry of mortar or glue, fortifying the work.
• Solid: It is that brick that contains less than 10% of holes in the board.
• Tile: In general this brick is made by hand, although industrially worked pieces are also available.
Simulates old handmade bricks. It has a rustic appearance and rough faces, and is not flat. It exhibits
very good decorative characteristics.
• Normalized: These are those that have a curved edge, and when forming the courses they form a
continuous ornament.
• Hollow: Those bricks that have ducts in the end reduce their weight and the amount of material used to
make them.
• Refractory: Smooth and homogeneous texture. It is generally used in areas that are continually subjected
to high times such as ovens, grills and fireplaces.
• Decorative: It does not have pores, making it invulnerable to water and low temperatures. It has
magnificent aesthetic qualities that allow it to be used both indoors and outdoors, usually used for
facades.
• For floors: They have excellent resistance to traffic and also offer warmth to any environment. They are
used for gardens, gazebos, patios and walkways. Its designs and shades are very varied, allowing the
Concerted Masonry
Ordinary Masonry
Cared Masonry
Confined Masonry
Dry Masonry
Structural Masonry
Brick Masonry
Stone Masonry
Reinforced Structural Masonry
Partially Reinforced Masonry
Common or Simple Masonry
Decoration Masonry