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LOGIC Lecture 1

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Nicole- Ann Lucas
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6 views

LOGIC Lecture 1

Uploaded by

Nicole- Ann Lucas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

TERMS
Key Expressions:
• Term = words that express an idea
• Words = does not signify an idea
• Idea = mental content

All TERMS are words but NOT ALL WORDS are terms 
Properties of a Term
• COMPREHENSION = the characteristics of a thing represented by a
term.
(TERM: Polygon = a figure with many sides)

• EXTENSION = when we consider the individual or groups of individuals


which have the characteristics and to which the term can be applied.
(TERM: Polygon = square, rectangle, triangle…)
EXTENSION
Absolute Extension = refers to the sum total of the subjects—actual and
possible whose essence or nature is represented by the idea.
(Man = the teacher, Australian, Rizal, driver)

Functional Extension = includes only those subjects which we have in


mind when we use the term in a discourse.

(MAN – The man is standing outside the room; The man is sweeping
the floor)
CLASSIFICATION OF TERMS

A. Functional Extension
B. Signification
C. Supposition
D. Mutual Relation
Classification of Terms
A. Functional Extension – the subjects or things we are referring to
when we use the term in a discourse, there are four types of terms:
1. Singular
2. Collective
3. Particular
4. Universal
SINGULAR
• A term is one that stands for only one definite thing or subject.

EX: this question


God
the planet Jupiter
Iain
COLLECTIVE
• Applicable to all the members of a class taken together, but not to the
individual members taken singly.

EX: family
audience
army
corporation
PARTICULAR
• One whose extension is limited to an indefinite or indeterminate
portion of the total absolute extension.

EX: almost all


some
a few
many
not all
UNIVERSAL
• One that is applicable to each and every member of the class. It is
also called a distributed term. Also denotes complete negation.

EX: All
whatsoever
No
SIGNIFICATION
• According to its meaning or sense.

1. UNIVOCAL
2. EQUIVOCAL
3. ANALOGOUS
UNIVOCAL
• A term is said of a number of things in one and the same sense.

EX:
The sun is a star.
The sun is the source of light.
EQUIVOCAL
• The term is said of a number of thing in entirely different senses.
EX:
pitcher =ball player
pitcher = container

patient = character
patient= sick person
ANALOGOUS
• The term is said of certain things in a sense partly the same and partly
different.

EX:
Head of the family light of the world
Head of the body light of the sun
SUPPOSITION
• The actual use of a term in a sentence. The use of a term indicates the
mode of existence represented by a term.

1. MATERIAL
2. REAL
3. LOGICAL
MATERIAL
• If reference is made to the term simply as a word without regard for
its meaning.

EX:

Love rhymes with dove


Music begins with the letter M
Man is a three letter word
LOGICAL
• When what is referred to by the term exists only in the mind as
thought of or imagined.

EX:
Batman is strong.
Humanity is an abstract concept
Love is a wonderful thing.
Man is universal.
REAL
• When it refers to something considered as existing in the real or
actual order.

EX:
All students of USC are obliged to read the USC manual.
Our learning platform is Canvas.
We must eat in order to live.
MUTUAL RELATION
1. CONTRADICTORIES
2. CONTRARIES
3. PRIVATIVE
4. RELATIVE
5. DISPARATE
CONTRADICTORIES
• Refer to two terms of which one is the simple negation of the other.

EX:
equal – unequal
white- non-white
justice - injustice
CONTRARIES
• Refer to two terms which represent the extremes in a series of
objects belonging to the same class.

EX:
hot – cold
night – day
up – down
empty - full
PRIVATIVE
• Two terms one of which expresses a perfection while the other
expresses the absence of the perfection in a subject that is supposed
to possess it.
EX:
healthy – sick
living – dead
knowledge - ignorance
RELATIVE
• Two terms one of which cannot be thought of without reference to
the other.

EX:
bride – groom
mother – child
husband – wife
DISPARATE
• Terms are incompatible and simply diverse. They stand for different
things that belong to the same class but they are not contraries.

EX:
apple – mango
circle - square
10 CATEGORIES

1 SUBSTANCE
9 ACCIDENTS
Quality (rough, smooth) Time (ancient, 2pm)
Quantity ( 27, 100th) Place (virtual, Japan)
Relation (small, equal, mother) Posture / Position (reclining, bent)
Action (jumping, running) Habit / Possession (crowned, clothed)
Passion (jumped, ran)

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