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Introduction To Biotechnology

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Ebenezer Samuel
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19 views

Introduction To Biotechnology

Uploaded by

Ebenezer Samuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

biotechnology
DR S.O.Ogundele
Introduction
• Biotechnology is the process of using living organisms, or the products
of living organisms, for human benefit to make a product or solve a
problem
• A set of modern tools that utilize living organisms or parts of it cell or
tissue or genes/DNA to make or modify or improve plants or animals
or develop microorganisms for specific use or their large scale
production
• It is applied in medicine, agriculture, food processing, industrial
production and environmental cleanup
Historical example of use of biotechnology
• Fermentation (1500 BC)-Yeast (Youghurt, bread, cheese, beer etc)
•
• Selective breeding
•
• Use of antibiotics (Peniciline)
Modern use of the technique
• Gene cloning
•
• Genetic engineering

• Recombinant DNA technology

• Human Genome Project


History
• The term biotechnology was coined in 1919 by Karl Ereky, an
Hungarian engineer

• At that time, the term meant all the lines of work by which products
are produced from raw materials with the aid of living organisms

• Modern biotechnology is generally thought of as having been born in


1971 when Paul Berg's experiments in gene splicing had early success
History
• Herbert W. Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen significantly advanced the
new technology in 1972 by transferring genetic material into a
bacterium, such that the imported material would be reproduced
• In 1978, Boyer was able to take pieces of human DNA and isolate a
gene for insulin using biotechnology
Basic Techniques of Biotechnology
• The two basic techniques used in biotechnology are

• Tissue culture (Soft Biotechnology)

• Genetic engineering (Hard Biotechnology)


Branches of Biotechnology
• Red Biotec: applied to medical processes. The science involved includes the use of looking
cell or cell materials for research to find different or more efficient ways of maintaining
human health, understanding pathogens, combact Disease, produce pharmaceutical
products and understanding human cell biology. Examples of this include designing of
organisms to produce antibiotics, Vaccines and the engineering of genetic cures through
genomic manipulation
• White/Grey Biotech: applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an
organism to produce a useful chemical, biogas, biofeu
• Green Biotech: applied to agricultural processes. An example is the designing of transgenic
plants to grow under specific environmental conditions or in the presence (or absence) of
certain agricultural chemicals
• Blue Biotech: used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its
use is relatively rare.
Types of Biotechnology
4 MAIN AREAS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Transgenic Mixing genetic material from multiple


Biotechnology sources (species)
Reproductive Techniques used to clone certain species
cloning (mammals)
Reprogramming Reprogramming differentiated cells or
of Cells using stem cells to become needed tissues
in patients with diseases or physical harm
Forensic Use of restriction enzymes and
Biotechnology electrophoresis to distinguish one person
from another 9
Application of biotechnology techniques
Product Remark

Medical Biotechnology: Monoclonal antibodies (used Produced by hybridoma technology.


for disease diagnosis, e.g., venereal diseases, hepatitis
B and other viral diseases, cancer, etc.)

DNA probes (used for disease diagnosis, e.g. kalazar, Produced by genetically engineered bacteria
sleeping sickness, malaria etc.)

Valuable drugs like human insulin, human interferon, Produced by genetically engineered bacteria
human and bovine growth hormone etc

Gene therapy to cure genetic diseases, e.g., Hunting- Techniques still in the developing stages
ton`s chorea, Thalasemia, cystic fibrosis.

Identification of parents/criminals using DNA finger- Very accurate and reliable; from even blood or semen
printing stains, hair roots etc
Product Remark
Industrial Biotechnology: Production of useful Produced by microorganisms, mainly bacteria, from
compounds, e.g., ethanol, lactic acid, glycerin, citric less useful substrates
acid, gluconic acid, acetone etc.

Production of antibiotics, e.g., Penicillin, Streptomyein, Produced by fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes as
Erythromyein, Mitomycin, Cycloheximide etc. secondary metabolites

Production of enzymes, e.g. α-amylase, proteases, From fungi, bacteria etc for use in detergent, textile,
lipases etc. leather, dairy etc. industries, and in medicines.
Protein/enzyme engineering to change the primary Extensive use of computers for generating models of
structure of existing proteins/enzymes to make them protein molecules. It is hoped to change RUBIS-CO so
more efficient, change their substrate specificity, e.g., as to minimize its affinity for O2.
successes with T4 lysozyme, trypsin, subtilisin, lactate
dehydrogenase etc.

Animal biotechnology: Test tube babies in humans; Couples suffering from infertility can have babies
involves in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
Environmental Biotechnology: Efficient sewage Efficient strains of micro-organisms developedEfficient
treatment, deodorization of human excreta. The use strains of micro-organisms developed
of organisms, usually microorganisms, to break down
pollutants in soil, air or groundwater
Reproductive cloning
• what it is a clone?
• It is an exact genetic replica of another
organism.
• What have we cloned so far?
• DNA (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
• Cells (creating tissue cultures or stem cell lines)
• Whole organisms

• Dolly the sheep was the first cloned animal as it


was cloned from genetic materials of somatic
cells sheep then the blastocyte was inserted to
the womb of asurrogate mother (ewe) to be
born. It can be of help in cloning animals with
different genes for adaptability and better
growth. Or even prevention of disease by 12
What can stem cell research do for us?

Stem cells could help us in many medical applications such as:


• Organ and tissue regeneration
• Fighting the following diseases:
• Cardiovascular disease
• Brain diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer's
• Blood diseases like leukemia and sickle-cell anemia
So…what’s all the fuss about?
The stems cells that work the best come from embryos.
• Reprogramming of cells refers to the transformation of a specialized cell to a
simpler or embryonic state i.e cells with stem-like properties, or the direct
transformation of one specialized cell type into another, which is also known
as transdifferentiation.
13
Forensic Biotechnology

• Forensic Biotechnology is used to determine the identity of certain


individuals:
• Criminals
• Disaster victims
• Biological parents

• DNA samples are obtained from hair, semen, finger print, blood samples etc
and compared with the suspects DNA whether it matches or not.
• It involves application of PCR to analyze DNA samples.

14
PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction

• Usually there is only a small amount of DNA to work with at a


crime scene.
• Investigators and forensic scientists use the polymerase chain
reaction to make thousands of copies of key regions of the
original DNA strand.

15
Other examples of application of
biotechnology
• Development of disease-resistant plants
• Food crops that produce greater yields
• Golden rice, a genetically modified food that is fortified with beta
carotene, which the human body converts into vitamin A
• Genetically engineered bacteria that can degrade environmental
pollutants
• Low cost production of proteins used to treat diseases
• Development of recombinant enzymes to be used by molecular
biologists
Future of biotechnology in medicine
• Smart drugs for cancers and autoimmune disases
• Gene based diagnosis and therapies
• Pharmacogenomics and personified medicine
• Stem cell and regenerative medicine
• Thank you!

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