FUNDAMENTALS OF

NURSING 2
Grace M. Bilog
Florence Nightingale Theorized the
concept of Environmental Adaptation
to which evidence show that it has
remained as one of the most practical and
important part of the nursing practice.
TOPIC 1: BED MAKING
EQUIPMENT
 Over bed tables, Bedside stand
 Telephone, water pitcher and drinking cup
are on top of the bedside stand.
 Lounge chairs
 Call light, television set, wall mounted
blood pressure gauge, oxygen
 IV pole
•HOSPITAL BED
is a piece of
equipment used in
the hospital that is
designed for
comfort, safety and
adaptability for
changing position.
MAKING BEDS
• Nurses need to be able to prepare hospital beds in different
ways for specific purposes. In most instances, beds are
made after the client receives hygienic care and when beds
are unoccupied.
• At times, nurses need to make an occupied bed or prepare
a bed for a client who is having surgery (an anesthetic,
postoperative, or surgical bed).
• Regardless of what type of bed equipment is available,
certain practice guidelines pertain to all bed-making
 Maintain the bed height at the lowest horizontal
position when a patient is unattended.
 Do not use side rails to restrict a patient from
moving in bed.
 Raise the bed at working height when attending
to patient or performing a procedure to
maintain proper body mechanics.
 A comfortable working height is waist
high or elbow high in order to prevent
the CG from overreaching, bending
and straining his/her back.
 PATIENT’S ROOM
ENVIRONMENT
CONTROL THE FOLLOWING:
 Room temperature: 20-23 °C
 Ventilation
 Noise
 Odor
BED POSITIONING
Dorsal Recumbent
BED MAKING
An art of preparing a bed based on
the condition of the patient which
adopts scientific principles of
nursing.
 BED MAKING
 When changing bed linens, follow principles
of medical asepsis by keeping soiled linens
away from uniforms.
 Do not shake linens to avoid air currents that
facilitates transfers of pathogens.
 Do not leave soiled linens on the floor.
 Finish half of the bed before moving to the
other side when bed making.
 Use side rails to facilitate body positioning
and turning keeping call lights within patient’s
reach.
 Always make sure wheels are locked.
 Always use proper body mechanics.
Purposes:
 To promote the client’s comfort, rest and sleep.
 To provide a clean and neat environment for the
patient.
 To provide a smooth, wrinkle-free bed
foundation to minimize skin irritation.
 To prevent bed sores (decubitus ulcers).
 Linens
Bottom  It protects the mattress from getting
Sheet soiled, protect the skin of the patient
from getting directly exposed to the
mattress.
 Folded wrong side out
Rubber  It protects the rubber pad and mattress
Pad from getting soiled by catching
secretions coming from the patient.
Draw Sheet/  It protects the skin of the
Lift Sheet patient from being directly
exposed to the rubber pad.
 It absorbs moisture.
 It could be used to lift/ draw
the patient back to the head
part of the bed
 Folded wrong side out
Top Sheet  Gives protection to the patient
from the irritants of the blanket
 Could be used to provide privacy
to the patient if bath blanket are
not available.
 Folded right side out
Blanket  Provide the patient the needed
comfort and warmth
 Folded wrong side out
Pillow Case  It protects the pillow from the
secretion/bodily fluids coming
from the patient.
Pillow  It keeps the head of the patient
higher than the stomach to prevent
acid reflux.
 Can aid in keeping the airway
open.
 TYPES OF BED
1. Occupied bed
2. Unoccupied bed
a. Close bed
b. Open bed
3. Surgical bed
 OCCUPIED BED MAKING
• An occupied bed is making the bed where
the patient is physically available in the bed.
• Soiled linen is infectious to the patient. If a
patient is unable to move or leave the bed,
you will need to change the bed sheets while
the patient is occupied in bed.
 Unoccupied Bed Making
Open Bed Making
It is making the bed while the patient is not
yet in the bed but making sure that the bed
is accessible and ready for occupation or
ready for the return of the patient.
 Unoccupied Bed Making
Close Bed
The term “closed bed” is used to designate the
hospital bed which remains empty until the
admission of another patient. It is termed “ close
bed making” because the top covers are arranged
in a way that the linen beneath the spread is fully
protected from dust and dirt.
 Surgical Bed
Making
A postoperative bed or surgical bed is a special
type of bed made for the patient who is coming
from the operation theatre or from another
procedure that requires anesthesia. The bed is
made in such a way as to make it easy to transfer
the unconscious or weak patient from a stretcher to
a bed.
A surgical bed does not have a pillow (the
pillow is set aside) in order to prevent the
patient from experiencing post anesthesia
headache as a result of poor circulation
when patient is under the effect of general
anesthesia.
Bottom sheet- Top sheet-folded Pillow Gloves
folded wrong side right side out
out
Rubber sheet Blanket-folded Linen Hamper Cleaning
wrong side out material
Draw sheet/ Lift Pillowcase Chair
sheet
 POINTERS
Miter
Miter secures the linens to
the mattress thereby
preventing the linens to be
easily removed from the
mattress and also promotes a
wrinkle free bed.
Toe Pleat
Toe pleat is provided in
order to provide space for
the feet to move thereby
promoting circulation and
preventing possible
bedsore and foot drop.
 Cuff
 Cuffing the top sheet over the blanket secures the two
linen together even when the patient moves.
 It protects the skin of the patient from possible irritation
caused by the hem of the blanket.
 It protects the blanket from getting soiled from
secretions coming from the face of the patient thus
allowing the blanket to be used longer.
Call light
 Before performing the Bed Making Procedure,
Make sure to:
• Introduce self and verify the client’s identity using agency
protocol.
• Explain to the client what you are going to do, why it is
necessary, and how to participate.
• Perform hand hygiene and observe other appropriate
infection control procedures.
• Provide for client privacy.
• Lock the wheels of the bed for safety.
Iyaman
Grace M. Bilog