Chapter 1

Introducti
on

Instructor Name: Dr. Rashid Amin (Assistant Professor, CS Dept)

 Chapter 1: Outline

1.1 Data Communications

1.2 Networks
1.3 Network Types
1.4 Internet History
1.5 Standards and
 Chapter 1: Objective
 The first section introduces data communications and
defines their components and the types of data exchanged. It
also shows how different types of data are represented and
how data is flowed through the network.

 The second section introduces networks and defines their

criteria and structures. It introduces four different network
topologies that are encountered throughout the book.

 The third section discusses different types of networks:

LANs, WANs, and internetworks (internets). It also
introduces the Internet, the largest internet in the world. The
concept of switching is also introduced in this section to
show how small networks can be combined to create larger
ones.
 Chapter 1: Objective (continued)
 The fourth section covers a brief history of the Internet. The
section is divided into three eras: early history, the birth of
the Internet, and the issues related to the Internet today. This
section can be skipped if the reader is familiar with this
history.

 The fifth section covers standards and standards

organizations. The section covers Internet standards and
Internet administration. We refer to these standards and
organizations throughout the book.
 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

When we communicate, we are sharing

information. This sharing can be local or
remote. The term telecommunication, which
includes telephony, telegraph, and television,
means communication at a distance.
Data communications are the exchange
of data between two devices via some form of
transmission media.

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 1.1.1 Components

A data communications system has five components

(see Figure 1.1).

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 Figure 1.1: Five components of data communication

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 1.1.2 Data Representation

Information today comes in different forms such as

text, numbers, images, audio, and video.

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 1.1.3 Data Flow

Communication between two devices can be simplex,

half-duplex, or full-duplex as shown in Figure 1.2.

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 Figure 1.2: Data flow

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 1-2 NETWORKS

A network is the interconnection of a set of

devices capable of communication. In this
definition, a device can be a host such as a
large computer, desktop, laptop, workstation,
cellular phone, or security system. A device in
this definition can also be a connecting device
such as a router a switch, a
modem that changes the form of data, and so
on.
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 1.2.1 Network Criteria

A network must be able to meet a certain number of

criteria. The most important of these are
performance, reliability, and security.

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 1.2.2 Physical Structures

Before discussing networks, we need to define some

network attributes.

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 Figure 1.3: Types of connection

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 Figure 1.4: A fully-connected mesh topology

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 Figure 1.5: A star topology

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 Figure 1.6: A bus topology

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 Figure 1.7: A ring topology

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 1-3 NETWORKS TYPES

After defining networks in the previous section

and discussing their physical structures, we
need to discuss different types of networks we
encounter in the world today. The criteria of
distinguishing one type of network from
another is difficult and sometimes confusing.
We use a few criteria such as size,
geographical coverage, and ownership to
make this distinction.
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 1.3.1 Local Area Network

A local area network (LAN) is usually privately

owned and connects some hosts in a single office,
building, or campus. Depending on the needs of an
organization, a LAN can be as simple as two PCs
and a printer in someone’s home office, or it can
extend throughout a company and include audio
and video devices. Each host in a LAN has an
identifier, an address, that uniquely defines the host
in the LAN. A packet sent by a host to another host
carries both the source host’s and the destination
host’s addresses.

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 Figure 1.8: An Isolated LAN in the past and today

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 1.3.2 Wide Area Network

A wide area network (WAN) is also an connection of

devices capable of communication. However, there
are some differences between a LAN and a WAN. A
LAN is normally limited in size; a WAN has a wider
geographical span, spanning a town, a state, a
country, or even the world. A LAN interconnects
hosts; a WAN interconnects connecting devices such
as switches, routers, or modems. A LAN is normally
privately owned by the organization that uses it; a
WAN is normally created and run by
communication companies and leased by an
organization that uses it.
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 Figure 1.9: A Point-to-Point WAN

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 Figure 1.10: A Switched WAN

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 Figure 1.11: An internetwork made of two LANs and one WAN

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 Figure 1.12: A heterogeneous network made of WANs and LANs

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 1.3.3 Switching

An internet is a switched network in which a switch

connects at least two links together. A switch needs
to forward data from a network to another network
when required. The two most common types of
switched networks are circuit-switched and packet-
switched networks. We discuss both next.

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 Figure 1.13: A circuit-switched network

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 Figure 1.14: A packet-switched network

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 1.3.4 The Internet

As we discussed before, an internet (note the

lowercase i) is two or more networks that can
communicate with each other. The most notable
internet is called the Internet (uppercase I ), and is
composed of thousands of interconnected networks.
Figure 1.15 shows a conceptual (not geographical)
view of the Internet.

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 Figure 1.15: The Internet today

Peering
point Peering
point

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 1.3.5 Accessing the Internet

The Internet today is an internetwork that allows

any user to become part of it. The user, however,
needs to be physically connected to an ISP. The
physical connection is normally done through a
point-to-point WAN. In this section, we briefly
describe how this can happen, but we postpone the
technical details of the connection until Chapters 14
and 16.

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1-4 INTERNET HISTORY

Now that we have given an overview of the

Internet and its protocol, let us give a brief
history of the Internet. This brief history makes
it clear how the Internet has evolved from a
private network to a global one in less than forty
years.

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 1.4.1 Early History

There were some communication networks, such as

telegraph and telephone networks, before 1960.
These networks were suitable for constant-rate
communication at that time, which means that after
a connection was made between two users, the
encoded message (telegraphy) or voice (telephony)
could be exchanged. A computer network, on the
other hand, should be able to handle bursty data,
which means data received at variable rates at
different times. The world needed to wait for the
packet-switched network to be invented.

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 1.4.2 Birth of the Internet

In 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, both of whom

were part of the core ARPANET group, collaborated
on what they called the Internetting Project. They
wanted to link dissimilar networks so that a host on
one network could communicate with a host on
another. There were many problems to overcome:
diverse packet sizes, diverse interfaces, and diverse
transmission rates, as well as differing reliability
requirements. Cerf and Kahn devised the idea of a
device called a gateway to serve as the intermediary
hardware to transfer data from one network to
another.
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 1.4.3 Internet Today

Today, we witness a rapid growth both in the

infrastructure and new applications. The Internet
today is a set of pier networks that provide services
to the whole world. What has made the Internet so
popular is the invention of new applications.

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 1-5 STANDARDS AND ADMINISTRATION

In the discussion of the Internet and its

protocol, we often see a reference to a standard
or an administration entity. In this section, we
introduce these standards and administration
entities for those readers that are not familiar
with them; the section can be skipped if the
reader is familiar with them.

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 1.5.1 Internet Standards

An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested

specification that is useful to and adhered to by
those who work with the Internet. It is a formalized
regulation that must be followed. There is a strict
procedure by which a specification attains Internet
standard status. A specification begins as an
Internet draft. An Internet draft is a working
document (a work in progress) with no official
status and a six-month lifetime.

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 Figure 1.16: Maturity levels of an RFC

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 1.5.2 Internet Administration

The Internet, with its roots primarily in the research

domain, has evolved and gained a broader user base
with significant commercial activity. Various groups
that coordinate Internet issues have guided this
growth and development. Appendix G gives the
addresses, e-mail addresses, and telephone numbers
for some of these groups. Figure 1.17 shows the
general organization of Internet administration.

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 Figure 1.17: Internet administration

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