AC Circuit Analysis & Phasors

Behaviour of R in AC circuits

(b) Voltage & Current waveshapes (c) Phasor diagram

(a) Resistive circuit with a sinusoidal voltage source

Voltage and current are in-phase.

Average power dissipated across a pure resistor is VrmsIrms.

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 1

 AC Circuit Analysis & Phasors
Behaviour of L in AC circuits

(a) Inductive circuit with a sinusoidal voltage source (b) Voltage & Current waveshapes (c) Phasor diagram

Voltage leads the current by or Current lags the voltage by .

Average power absorbed by a pure inductor is zero.
Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 2
 AC Circuit Analysis & Phasors
Behaviour of C in AC circuits

(a) Capacitive circuit with a sinusoidal voltage source (b) Voltage & Current waveshapes (c) Phasor diagram

Current leads the voltage by or Voltage lags the current by .

Average power absorbed by a pure capacitor is zero.
Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 3
 RL Series Circuit

(a) RL Series Circuit (b) Phasor Diagram (c) Impedance Triangle

𝑉 2=𝑉 +𝑉
2
𝑅
2
𝐿 √ 2
𝑉 = ( 𝐼𝑅 ) + ( 𝐼 𝑋 L )
2
𝑉 =𝐼 √ 2
( 𝑅 ) +( 𝑋 L) 2
Loss tangent = 𝑉 =𝐼 𝑍
Power factor = √
𝑍= ( 𝑅) +( 𝑋L)
2 2
or 𝑍 =R+ 𝑗 𝜔 𝐿

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 4

RLC Series Circuit

XL - XC

(a) RLC Series Circuit (b) Phasor Diagram (c) Impedance Triangle

2
√ 2
𝑉 = ( 𝐼𝑅 ) + ( 𝐼 𝑋 L − 𝐼 𝑋 𝐶 )
2
𝑉 =𝐼 √ 2
( 𝑅 ) + ( 𝑋 L − 𝑋𝐶 ) 2
Loss tangent = 𝑉 =𝐼 𝑍
Power factor = √ 2
𝑍 = ( 𝑅 ) + ( 𝑋 L − 𝑋𝐶 )
2
or 𝑍 =R+ 𝑗 𝜔 𝐿−( 1
𝜔𝐶 )
Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 5
RLC Series Circuit
When XL > XC
The circuit will effectively be inductive in nature.

When XL < XC
The circuit will effectively be capacitive in nature.

When XL = XC
The series RLC circuit will be purely resistive in nature leading to the
condition of resonance and minimum impedance.

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 6

Resonance in RLC Series Circuit
At resonance condition in series RLC circuit, the inductive component (XL) becomes
equal to the capacitive component (XC) resulting in a purely resistive circuit showing
minimum impedance and maximum current.

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 7

Resonance in RLC Series Circuit
Resonant Frequency (fo)
𝑋 𝐿= 𝑋 𝑐 At resonance, =
1
𝜔 𝑜 𝐿=
𝜔 𝑜𝐶

1 1
𝜔0= or 𝑓 0=
√ 𝐿𝐶 2 𝜋 √ 𝐿𝐶

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 8

 Resonance in RLC Series Circuit - Quality
factor
The ratio of the reactive power to the resistive power is called the quality factor.
Quality factor is also defined as the ratio of voltage drop appearing across the
inductor or the capacitor to the supply voltage.

===

== =

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 9

Resonance in RLC Series Circuit
3-dB frequencies (f1 and f2) and 3-dB BW (fBW) or
Half-power frequencies (f1 and f2) and Bandwidth (fBW)
𝑅
𝑓 1= 𝑓 0 −
4𝜋𝐿
𝑅
𝑓 2= 𝑓 0 +
4𝜋 𝐿

𝑅
𝑓 2 − 𝑓 1= = 𝑓𝐵𝑊
2𝜋 𝐿

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 10

 RL Parallel Circuit IR V G= 1/R

𝜙 𝜙

I Y
IL
BL=1/XL
(b) Phasor Diagram (c) Impedance Triangle
(a) RL Parallel Circuit
2 2
𝐼 2=𝐼 𝑅 + 𝐼 𝐿
Loss tangent =
𝑌 = √ ( 1 / 𝑅 ) + ( 1/ 𝑋 𝐿 )
2 2

𝐼 = √ ( 𝑉 / 𝑅 ) + (𝑉 / 𝑋 𝐿)
2 2

1 1 Power factor =
𝑌= − 𝑗 =𝐺 − 𝑗𝐵𝐿
𝐼 =𝑉 √ ( 1/ 𝑅 ) 2
+ ( 1/ 𝑋𝐿 )
2
𝑅 𝜔𝐿
𝐼 =𝑉𝑌
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 RLC Parallel Circuit I
It is dual of series RLC circuit. IR IL IC
2
V

√ 2
𝐼 = ( 𝑉 / 𝑅 ) + ( 𝑉 / 𝑋 C −𝑉 / 𝑋 𝐿)
2

𝐼 =𝑉 √ 2
( 1/ 𝑅 ) + ( 1 / 𝑋 C −1/ 𝑋𝐿 )2

𝐼 =𝑉𝑌
√ 2
𝑌 = ( 1 / 𝑅 ) + ( 1/ 𝑋 C −1/ 𝑋 𝐿 )
2

𝑌=
1
𝑅
+ 𝑗 𝜔 𝐶− (
1
𝜔𝐿 ) or

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 12

Resonance in RLC Parallel Circuit
At resonance condition in parallel RLC circuit, the capacitive component (XC)
becomes equal to the inductive component (XL) resulting in a purely resistive circuit
showing minimum admittance or maximum impedance and minimum current.

Resonant Frequency (fo)

𝑋 𝐶 = 𝑋 𝐿 At resonance, =

1
𝜔 𝑜 𝐿=
𝜔 𝑜𝐶

1 1
𝜔0= or 𝑓 0=
√ 𝐿𝐶 2 𝜋 √ 𝐿𝐶

Dr. Amit Kumar EEE1001/ECS/VIT Bhopal University 13

Resonance in RLC Parallel Circuit
=

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