BLOOD VESSELS

• There are three types of blood vessels :

ARTERIES VEINS

CAPILLARIES
 ARTERIES, VEINS AND
CAPILLARIES
• These are a kind of thin pipes or tubes through which blood flows in
the body.
• Arteries: These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry blood
from the heart to different organs. Pulmonary arteries are
exceptions because they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to
lungs; where oxygenation of blood takes place. Whereas all other
arteries carries oxygenated blood
• Veins: These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry blood from
different organs to the heart. Pulmonary veins are exceptions
because they carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart.
Whereas all other a veins carries de oxygenated blood Valves are
present in veins to prevent backflow of blood.
• Capillaries: These are the blood vessels which have single-celled
walls. They emerge from arteries and enter organ and reunite in the
vein .Site of Exchange of Substances like gases, nutrients ,wastes etc.
 BODY CELLS

CARBON
OXYGEN DIOXIDE
 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN BEINGS

• The main transport system in

human beings are:
1.HUMAN CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
2.LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• The circulatory system is responsible for transport of
various substances in human beings. It is composed of
the heart, arteries, veins and blood capillaries. Blood
plays the role of the carrier of substances.
• HEART : Heart is a muscular organ; which is composed of
cardiac muscles. The size of the heart is about same as
our clenched fist. The heart is a pumping organ which
pumps the blood. The human heart is composed of four
chambers, viz. right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle
and left ventricle to prevent the oxygen-rich blood from
mixing with the blood containing carbon dioxide. .
• The upper two chambers of the heart are called
atria or atrium and the lower two chambers of the
heart are called ventricles.
• The left atrium is connected to the left ventricle
through a valve called bicuspid or mitral valve .
• The right atrium is connected to the right ventricle
through a valve called tricuspid valve .
• These valves prevent the back flow of blood into
atria when the ventricles contract to pump blood
out of the heart to the rest of the body.
• Ventricles have to pump blood into various organs
with high pressure, they have thicker walls than
atria.
• The chambers of the heart are separated by a partition
called SEPTUM.
• A sheath of tissue called PERICARDIUM protects the
muscular heart. it allows enough room for vigorous
pumping, but also keeps the heart in place, reducing
friction between the heart and other structures.
• The heart beats non- stop all the time. The heart beat is
due to rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart
muscles which make up the atria and the ventricles. It is
to be noted that two atria (left and right atrium) contract
and relax together. Similarly the two ventricles (left
ventricle and right ventricle ) contract together and relax
together.
 SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
• aorta: the largest artery in the human body which
carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the
body except the lungs
• inferior vena cava: large vein that carries
deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body
to the right atrium of the heart
• superior vena cava: large vein that carries
deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body
to the right atrium of the heart.
• OXYGENATED BLOOD : The blood carrying oxygen.
• DEOXYGENATED BLOOD : The blood carrying carbon
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN HUMAN BODY

OXYGENATED BLOOD

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD BODY

MAIN VEIN (VENA CAVA) ORGANS
1. When the muscles of all the four chambers of
the heart are relaxed, the pulmonary vein
brings the oxygenated blood from the lungs
into the left atrium of the heart.
2. When the left atrium contracts, the
oxygenated blood is pushed into the left
ventricle through bicuspid valve.
3. When the left ventricle contracts, the
oxygenated blood is forced into the main
artery called AORTA. This main artery then
branches into the smaller arteries which go
into different body organs (except the lungs)
4. The main artery carries blood to all the organs
of the body like head, chest, arms, stomach
kidneys, legs. When the oxygenated blood
passes through the capillaries of the body
organs, then it gives oxygen to the body cells.
The blood also gives the digested food and
other dissolved materials to the body cells. At
the same time, carbon dioxide produced as a
waste material during respiration enters into the
blood . The deoxygenated blood from the body
organs enters the main vein called vena cava.
The main vein carries the deoxygenated blood
to the right atrium of the heart.
5. When the right atrium contracts,
deoxygenated blood is pushed into the
right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
6. When the right ventricle contracts, the
deoxygenated blood is pumped into the
lungs through the pulmonary artery. In the
lungs, deoxygenated blood releases its
carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen and
becomes oxygenated again.
This whole process is repeated continuously.
 DOUBLE CIRCULATION
• A circulatory system in which the blood travels twice through
the heart in one cardiac cycle is called double circulation.
( One complete heart beat in which all the chambers of the
heart contract and relax once is called cardiac cycle.)
• PULMONARY CIRCULATION : The pathway of blood from the
heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary
circulation.
• SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION : The pathway of blood from the
heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart is called
systematic circulation
• These two types of circulation taken together make double
circulation.
• The animals such as mammals and birds have four
chambered heart and have double circulation : In a four
chambered heart, the left side and right side of the heart
are completely separated. Double circulation ensures
complete segregation of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood which is necessary for optimum energy production
in warm-blooded animals as they have high energy needs.
• The amphibians like frog and reptiles like lizard are cold
blooded animals and have a three chambered heart ( two
atria and one ventricle ) . Due to incomplete division
within their heart, the oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood mix up to some extent which reduces the production
of energy. They also have double circulation that delivers
blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.
 SINGLE CIRCULATION
Fishes, on the other hand, have only two
chambers to their hearts (One atrium and one
ventricle ), and the blood is pumped to the gills, is
oxygenated there, and passes directly to the rest
of the body. Thus, blood goes only once through
the heart in the fish during one cycle of passage
through the body. The flow of blood in a fish is
called single circulation.