ALL INDIA

MUSLIM LEAGUE (AIML)

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& Pakistan Movement
AIML--- Aims & Objectives – 1906-1913

• Protect political rights of Muslims in India

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• Foster loyalty to the British and to remove misunderstandings with the
government

• Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to above goals

• Secure supremacy of Urdu language

• Change of Creed of AIML 1913

Lucknow Pact 1916
• Hindu-Muslim Unity
• Tireless efforts of the Quaid-e-Azam to bridge the gaps b/w two

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communities
• Major Success for Indian Nationalists
• Congress recognized the Muslim League as the political party
representing the Muslims of India
• Quaid-e-Azam emerged as “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”
Sarojini Naido
Lucknow Pact 1916 – Salient Features
• There shall be self-government in India.
• Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government.

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• There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a
community demanded for joint electorates.
• System of weightage should be adopted.
• All members of the Legislative Councils to be elected directly on the basis of
adult franchise.
• No bill concerning a community should be passed if the bill is opposed by
three-fourth of the members of that community in the Legislative Council –
Communal Veto
• The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary.
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924
• Pan-Islamic movement
• An effort to protect the Ottoman caliphate as a symbol of unity

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among the Muslim community in India during the British raj
• The empire’s defeat in World War I (1914–18)
• Disintegration of the empire – Treaty of Lausanne- 1923
• Detachment of all non-Turkish regions from the empire
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924 – Formation
& Demands
• The movement was launched by Moulana Shoukat Ali Johar, Moulana
Muhammad Ali Johar & Moulana Abul kalam Azad Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed
Ansari Raees-ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo, Hasrat

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Mohani, and Hakim Ajmal Khan
• Gandhi also joined the Movement --- Non-cooperation & non-violence
• Caliph Sultan must retain sufficient territories so that he is able to defend
the Islamic Faith.
• The places which are called Jazirat-ul-arab, including the Arabia, Syria, Iraq
and Palestine must remain under Muslim suzerainty.
• On November 23 1919, the All India Khilafat Conference was organized at
Delhi and later a Khilafat Manifesto was published which called upon the
British to protect the Caliphate
Khilafat Movement 1919-1924 ---- Impacts
• The Movement was an attempt towards religious consciousness –
• The only movement during British India which had no direct
concern with the affairs of Muslims of India – Pan Islamism

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• It greatly influenced subsequent political strategy of Indian
Muslims – in fact spearheaded Pakistan movement
• Popular politics - Involvement of masses in politics
• Hijrat – Migration from India – A poor political move
• Muslim misery – Afghanistan denied the Indian Muslims to enter
• Quaid & Iqbal distanced themselves
• AIML to stay way from the affairs of foreign countries & focus on
Indian affairs
• Iqbal didn’t believe in a Khilafat achieved through demands
Nehru Report - Demands
• Dominion Status for India – Parliamentary form of government

• Rejected Federation on communal basis – in fact suggested ‘unitary

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state’

• Provincial autonomy but residuary powers at centre

• NWFP be given provincial status

• Sindh separated from Bombay subject to financial viability

Nehru Report - Demands
• “Separate electorates” abandoned – in favour of joint electorate

• Communal veto scrapped

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• Universal adult suffrage proposed

• Only 1/4th seats for Muslims in Central Legislature

• Hindi to be official language of India

Nehru Report – Critique
• The report regarded Muslim problem as purely religious and cultural
(communal) matter – to be cured by full religious liberty and cultural
autonomy –

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• Muslims knew where they stood in Congress scheme – In 1916 when
they needed AIML support they accepted ‘Separate Electorate’ - here
they scrapped it!
• AIML didn’t accept the Report
• On 12-03-1929 when the Report was debated in the Indian Legislative
Assembly all Muslim members including Jinnah rejected it
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
1. Separate electorates – with possibility of joint electorates at a later
stage

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2. 1/3rd Muslim representation at Centre

3. Communal veto demanded

4. Weightage – without changing majority into minority, especially in

Bengal & Punjab
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
5. Bi-national state with loose Federation of 5 Muslim and 6 Hindu
majority provinces

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6. Complete provincial autonomy - Residuary powers to provinces

7. Change in the Constitution – only with the consent of the

constituent states

8. Adult franchise
Fourteen Points of Jinnah
9. Separation of Sindh from Bombay
10. Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as in other provinces
11. Necessary territorial adjustments should not convert Muslim majorities into
minorities in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP

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12. Full religious liberty i.e. liberty of belief, worship, and observance,
propaganda, association, and education, shall be guaranteed to all
communities
13. Adequate share for Muslims in all the services of the State and in local self-
governing bodies
14. Adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture and for the
protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion and
personal laws and Muslim charitable institutions
 Parting of Ways
• This was turning point in the history of India –
the two communities never united afterwards
• Conclusion
• This political development convinced the
Muslims that they could not trust Congress / AI IN

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Hindus ML C

• Henceforth, co-existentialism replaced with

separatism – struggle for freedom
Allama Iqbal’s Allahabad Address - 1930
• A landmark in the history of
Muslim India

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• He was dubbed as visionary and
an idealist but time proved that
his solution was genuine, possible
and practical – to the complex
social, political and religious
problems of India
• A road map for the future of
Muslims in India
Allahabad Address – 1930 – The Address
• Recognition of Muslim majority in a federal system with the same privileges as
given to Hindus
• India was not a county but a continent where many nations live - each with

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separate identity, religion, culture, etc.

• Federalism can’t succeed without recognizing the national identity of Muslims

• Modern nationalism / unitary form of government simply unthinkable for

Muslims

• Redistribution of India – Muslim India within India

• Propounded two nation theory logically
 Allahabad Address – 1930 – The Address
• 1930, Iqbal chaired a meeting of AIML in Allahabad
• Independent homeland for Muslims

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• Islam has given a creed which had forged Indian Muslims into one nation

• Iqbal said that he would like ot see Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated
into a single state, either within the British Empire or outside it.

• “The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be

the final destiny of the Muslims”

• Bengal and Assam did not appear into his calculations – later on brought into the
• Allahabad Address – 1930 – CRITICAL ANALYSIS

• Some critics claim that Iqbal never argued for an

independent state (Making of Pakistan by K. K. Aziz)

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• The criticism can be repudiated by Iqbal’s letters to Jinnah
(from May 1936 to Nov. 1937)
• On 28-03-1937, he wrote “it is necessary to redistribute
the country and provide one or more Muslim states with
absolute majorities. Don’t you think the time for such a
demand has already arrived?”
 Allahabad Address – 1930 – Significance
• Provided new opportunities to think in terms of a separate homeland for
Muslims

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• Jinnah gave most serious consideration to Iqbal’s scheme of partition

• Iqbal was the one who gave possible solution to the troubles of India -
Jinnah gave reality to his dream

• Lahore Resolution finally demanded a separate homeland which was

initially thought by Iqbal
Towards
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Pakistan
 The Rule of Congress 1937-1939 – The Congress
Tyranny
• The Congress aimed to erase Muslim culture
• Hindu extremist behaved in appalling ways
• Bande Matram – nationalist Hindu song – Muslims to be expelled from Hindustan –
Singing of song was made compulsory in provincial Assemblies

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• The Wardha Scheme – teaching to be in Hindi – spinning cotton & no religious
education – bowing down before picture of Gandhi –conversion to Hinduism
• Muslims were forbidden to eat beef and punished severely if they slaughtered cows
• Azaan was forbidden and attacks on mosques were carried
• Noisy processions at the time of prayers in front of mosques
• Even pushing pigs into mosques
• Anti-Muslim riots – houses & properties set on fire
• End of Congress Rule - The Day of Deliverance 22 Dec. 1939
 The Pakistan Resolution – 23rd March, 1940
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
• Allama Muhammad Iqbal
• Choudhry Rehmat Ali

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• Muslim League’s reluctance to accept the Idea of a separate homeland
• Congress Rule and the realization that the British would leave soon convinced
ML & Quaid-i- Azam to consider establishing a Muslim state
• Annual session of ML in Lahore 22-23 March, 1940, Maulvi Fazal-ul-haq
• ‘Regions in which Muslims are numerically a majority , as in the north-western
and eastern zones of India, should be grouped to constitute independent states
in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign’
 The Pakistan Resolution – 23rd March, 1940
• The Resolution was passed unanimously & became known as ‘Lahore Resolution’

• The Hindu press started calling it the ‘Pakistan Resolution’ & soon it was

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adopted by the Muslims

• Pakistan, the final destination for Muslims in India

• Struggle for the new homeland

• Muslim League became the political party for Muslims

• Quaid-i- Azam as leader of the Pakistan Movement

The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• In march, 1946, final effort to diffuse differences between two
communities i.e. Muslims & Hindus
• A three men delegation was sent to India to find a settlement
acceptable to all parties – Pethick-lawrence, Stafford Crips & A.V.

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Alexander
• The Cabinet Mission met representatives of Muslim League,
Congress, Hindu Mahasaba, & Sikhs
• The Mission found that there was little common grounds b/w the
Muslims League & Congress
• Quaid-i- Azam demanded Pakistan comprising of six provinces
• The Congress was opposed to any partition of India & rejected
 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• The Mission adopted a different approach
• Interim govt. to rule India whilst the British withdrawal was to be organized
• The interim govt. to form an all-India Commission to decide whether there
should be one or two states after the British had left

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• Plan was rejected by both ML & Congress
• In may, 1947, the Cabinet Mission announced its final plan
• It rejected the idea of Pakistan
• There would be three different parts to a post-British India
1) The Hindu majority territories
2) The western Muslim provinces
3) Bengal and Assam
• Each part to have local autonomy and being able to draw up its own constitution
• Foreign affairs, defence and communication to be managed by a central Indian Union
 The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• Muslim League was prepared to nominate members to an interim cabinet to
oversee the process of independence as per Cabinet Mission Plan
• However, Nehru, observed that Congress would not feel bound by the plan once
the British had left
• Therefore, the Cabinet Mission Plan was dropped by AIML

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• Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence by Jaswant Singh 2009
• Jaswant Singh has observed that it was the arrogance of Nehru
that led to partition of India and to hold Muslim League and
Jinnah responsible for the partition of India is wrong

Did Quaid-i- Azam really quit the idea of Pakistan by accepting the
Cabinet Mission Plan?
 Ideology of Pakistan- Definition & Elucidation

• Ideology grows out of dissatisfaction of majority of people in a given geography

• Ideology of Pakistan – in the context of Subcontinent – to maintain Muslim

identify – threatened by the Hindu majority

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• Islam & Hinduism not only two different religions but have also given birth to
separate cultures – cuisine, apparel, languages, rituals, literature, art, music,
architecture

• Different political orders & different social orders – different world views
 Ideology of Pakistan- Evolution & elucidation
• “Pakistan was created that day first Indian national entered the field of Islam” Quaid e Azam
• Arab Traders – Introduction of Islam in India
• Mass conversion to Islam in Malabar – I.H. Qureshi
• Muslim Rule in Sindh 712 – Delhi Sultanate 1206-1526- Mughal Period 1526 -1857
• Mujaddad Alf Sani (Sheik Ahmad Sirhindi) 1564-1624 - Revival of Islam – Muslim Identity – Hindu
political power – Protection of Islam- Wahdat ul Shahood - Hindu Muslim two separate people

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• Hazrat Shah Waliullah – 1703-1761- Period of Decline – explanation of Muslim decline - Unity among
Muslim – Redefining Islamic principles to answer new challenges – Muslim Identity & its protection
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 1817-1898 – Ideologue of Two Nation Theory – Political Leadership in the time
of chaos & disorder – Rapprochement – diagnosis of Muslim decline, Redefining Muslim ethos –
Education, language – literature - politics, economy, society, religion – provided firm foundations on
which Pakistan was built
• Allama Iqbal – 1877- 1938- Redefined & rekindled Islamic spirit in Muslims in India – Ideologue of the
Modern India – conceived the idea of separate Muslim homeland – Political leadership- close
coordination with Quaid e Azam
• Quaid Azam 1876-1948 - Political leadership – Protection of Muslim political, economic, social and
religious interests- Spearheaded the constitutional struggle for a Muslim country – demand for
 Allama Iqbal & Ideology of Pakistan
• Conceived the idea of separate Muslim homeland
• Separate political identity of Muslim in India
• Redefining concept of Muslim Umma – Reconstruction of Religious Thought in
Islam – - need for Ijtahad – new thinking in‫ ن‬Islam
‫شغ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ئ ن‬
‫ب‬ ‫ح‬
• ‫ ی ل کے سا ل سے لے کر ا خ اِک کا ر‬-‫ے‬ ‫ای ک ہ وں مسلم حرم کی پ اس ب ا ی کے یل‬

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• Political , historical and religious grounds for a modern Muslim State – the very
first of its kind – “I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province,
Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. -------North-West Indian
Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims” Allabad
Address 1930
• Two Nation Theory – Islam as complete code of life
• Opposition to the concept of Modern Nation state based on language or culture
• Islam the raison d'etre for a Muslim State - Pakistan
 Quaid e Azam & ideology of Pakistan
• India---------- is subcontinent of nationalities
• Nehru Report vs. 14 points
• Refusal of Nehru’s belief “ two parties in India INC and the British- there is a third Party – Muslim League
• End of Congress Rule – 1939- The majority community has shown that Hindustan is for Hindus

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• 1939- Quaid said, “Muslims and Hindus are two nations. We are going to live as a nation and play a role as a
nation”.
• 1940- “Muslim are not a minority, Muslim are a nation by every definition
• 1944- the only “politically realistic” way is to divide Hindustan in two sovereign states
• Pakistan as a modern democratic state – Muslim as distinctive nation- Islam as the binding force
• “Few individuals significantly alter the course of History. Fewer still modify the map of
the world. Hardly any one can be credited with creating a nation state. Muhammad Ali
Jinnah did all three”. Jinnah of Pakistan by Stanley Wolpert
 Pakistan – A Country, A Civilization
• The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least to 5,000 years,
spread over much of what is presently Pakistan
• During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan
peoples
• The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks,

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Arabs (who brought Islam - 712), Afghans, and Turks
• Remained under Delhi Sultanate 1206-1526
• The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries
• The British came to dominate the region in the 18th century
• The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East
Wings)
• However, Hindus never accepted the partition- India and Pakistan fought two wars and a limited
conflict - in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 respectively - over the disputed Kashmir territory
• A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India assisted an indigenous movement
reacting to the marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming
 Pakistan
• Ethnic groups
• Punjabi 44.7%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Saraiki
8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baloch 3.6%, other 6.3%
• Languages
• Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashto
(alternate name, Pashtu) 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%,
Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani

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elite and most government ministries), and other 8%
• Age structure
• 0-14 years: 36.01% (male 42,923,925/female 41,149,694)
• 15-24 years: 19.3% (male 23,119,205/female 21,952,976)
• 25-54 years: 34.7% (male 41,589,381/female 39,442,046)
• 55-64 years: 5.55% (male 6,526,656/female 6,423,993)
• 65 years and over: 4.44% (male 4,802,165/female 5,570,595)
• Population Growth Rate 2.07
• Urbanization 37.2% of total population
• Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
• Total population: 59.1%
• Male: 71.1%
• Female: 46.5% (2015)