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Normal Distribution

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8 views

Normal Distribution

Uploaded by

Rsb Novel Story
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BSN 3ND YEAR

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
1
OBJECTIVES
 Introduce the Normal Distribution
 Properties of the Standard Normal Distribution

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 Introduce the Central Limit Theorem

 Use Normal Distribution in an inferential fashion

2
THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION
 Empirical distributions
 based on data

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 Theoretical distribution
 based on mathematics
 derived from model or estimated from data

3
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Why are normal distributions so important?
 Many dependent variables are commonly assumed to be
normally distributed in the population

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 If a variable is approximately normally distributed we
can make inferences about values of that variable
 Example: Sampling distribution of the mean

4
The Normal Distribution:

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The Normal curve is a mathematical abstraction
which conveniently describes ("models") many 5
frequency distributions of scores in real-life.
An example of a normal distribution - the length of
Sooty's magic wand...
Frequency of different wand lengths

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Length of wand
Francis Galton (1876) 'On the height and weight of boys aged 14, in town and
country public schools.' Journal of the Anthropological Institute, 5, 174-180:

Height of 14 year-old children


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country
14

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town

12
frequency (%)

10

0
7
- 52 -54 -56 - 58 -60 - 62 -64 - 66 -68 -70
51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
height (inches)
Properties of the Normal Distribution:
1. It is bell-shaped and asymptotic at the extremes.

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2. It's symmetrical around the mean.

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3. The mean, median and mode all have same value.

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10
4. It can be specified completely, once mean and
SD are known.

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5. The area under the curve is directly proportional
to the relative frequency of observations.

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e.g. here, 50% of scores fall below the mean, as
does 50% of the area under the curve. 13
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e.g. here, 85% of scores fall below score X,
corresponding to 85% of the area under the curve. 14
Relationship between the normal curve and the
standard deviation:
All normal curves share this property: the SD cuts off a
constant proportion of the distribution of scores:-

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frequency

68%

95%

99.7%

-3 -2 -1 mean +1 +2 +3 15
Number of standard deviations either side of mean
About 68% of scores fall in the range of the mean plus and minus 1 SD;
95% in the range of the mean +/- 2 SDs;
99.7% in the range of the mean +/- 3 SDs.

e.g. IQ is normally distributed (mean = 100, SD = 15).

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68% of people have IQs between 85 and 115 (100 +/- 15).
95% have IQs between 70 and 130 (100 +/- (2*15).
99.7% have IQs between 55 and 145 (100 +/- (3*15).

68%

16

85 (mean - 1 SD) 115 (mean + 1 SD)


z-scores:
z-scores are "standard scores".
A z-score states the position of a raw score in relation to
the mean of the distribution, using the standard
deviation as the unit of measurement.

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raw score  mean
z 
standard deviation
1. Find the difference between a score
and the mean of the set of scores.
for a population :
2. Divide this difference by the SD (in
X  μ order to assess how big it really is).
z 
σ

for a sample :
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X - X
z 
s
Raw score distributions:
A score, X, is expressed in the original units of measurement:

X = 236
X = 65

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X  50 s  10 X  200 s  24

z = 1.5

X0 s  1

z-score distribution:
18
X is expressed in terms of its deviation from the mean (in SDs).
Why use z-scores?
1. z-scores make it easier to compare scores from
distributions using different scales.

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e.g. two tests:
Test A: Fred scores 78. Mean score = 70, SD = 8.
Test B: Fred scores 78. Mean score = 66, SD = 6.

Did Fred do better or worse on the second test?


19
Test A: as a z-score, z = (78-70) / 8 = 1.00
Test B: as a z-score , z = (78 - 66) / 6 = 2.00

Conclusion: Fred did much better on Test B.

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EXAMPLE
 Data come from distribution:  = 10,  = 3
 What proportion fall beyond X=13?

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 Z = (13-10)/3 = 1

 =normsdist(1) or table  0.1587

 15.9% fall above 13

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EXAMPLE: IQ
 A common example is IQ
 IQ scores are theoretically normally distributed.

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 Mean of 100

 Standard deviation of 15

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IQ’S ARE NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED WITH MEAN 100 AND
STANDARD DEVIATION 15. FIND THE PROBABILITY THAT
A RANDOMLY SELECTED PERSON HAS AN IQ BETWEEN
100 AND 115

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P (100  X  115) 
P (100  100  X  100  115  100) 
100  100 X  100 115  100
P(   
15 15 15
P (0  Z  1)  .3413
23
SAY WE HAVE GRE SCORES ARE NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED
WITH MEAN 500 AND STANDARD DEVIATION 100. FIND THE
PROBABILITY THAT A RANDOMLY SELECTED GRE SCORE IS
GREATER THAN 620.

 We want to know what’s the probability of


getting a score 620 or beyond.

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620  500
 1.2  z
100
 p(z > 1.2)
 Result: The probability of randomly getting a
score of 620 is ~.12
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WORK TIME...
 What is the area for scores less than z = -1.5?
 What is the area between z =1 and 1.5?

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 What z score cuts off the highest 30% of the
distribution?
 What two z scores enclose the middle 50% of
the distribution?
 If 500 scores are normally distributed with mean
= 50 and SD = 10, and an investigator throws out
the 20 most extreme scores, what are the highest
and lowest scores that are retained?

25
STANDARD SCORES
Z is not the only transformation of scores to be

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used
 First convert whatever score you have to a z score.
 New score – new s.d.(z) + new mean

 Example- T scores = mean of 50 s.d. 10


 Then T = 10(z) + 50.
 Examples of standard scores: IQ, GRE, SAT
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WRAP UP
 Assuming our data is normally distributed allows for us
to use the properties of the normal distribution to assess

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the likelihood of some outcome
 This gives us a means by which to determine whether we
might think one hypothesis is more plausible than
another (even if we don’t get a direct likelihood of either
hypothesis)

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