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SQC Final 3

SQC quality checking

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8 views

SQC Final 3

SQC quality checking

Uploaded by

sukhwinder gill
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D.V.

MORANKAR
Reasons for drawing a Sample
1.A sample is less time consuming than a census.
2.A sample is less costly to administer than census.
3.A sample is less cumbersome and more practical to
administer than a census.
4.A sample provides higher quality data than a census.

Non Probability Sample Probability Sample


Items chosen without Items chosen from frame
benefit of frame Individual units in the
Individual units in the population have a known
population have an probability of occurrence or
unknown probability of selection from frame.
occurrence.
Few fundamentals of
Descriptive Statistics
 Mean - It is arithmetic average of all
observations.
 Mid-range - It is mid-point between

the highest & lowest observations.


 Mode -It is most commonly occurring

observations.
 Median - It is the middle observation

when all observations are arranged


in order of magnitude 3
Mean value
The mean value is the most common value in a normal
distribution.

The average or mean for a set of n observations x1x2,…xn, is expressed as:

; as sample size n increases, approaches the mean

of the entire population.

When to use Arithmetic Mean:


The arithmetic mean is greatly affected by any extreme value or
values , as it is based on every observation. In such a case the
arithmetic mean presents a distorted representation of what the
data are conveying. The mean is not the best measure of central
tendency to use for describing or summarizing a set of data that
has extreme values
Means , medians & Mode
are useful when
 We talk about bowling average.
 Average income of India is up.

 Average age of our team is 28.

But they don,t tell the whole


story.

5
They give some reference of
centering but we need to
determine how the numbers
are spread.
 Are same runs scored in every over?
 Are all incomes higher?

 Is age of every player same?

 Statistics
help us describe
understand variability.

6
Spread

Spread is how far apart the ends of


the group are.
 Bowling average

4, 2 , 6 , 0 , 3 , 5 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 4
Average / mean = 3 Spread = 6
 Income Rs.

400, 200 , 660 , 90 , 300 ,


250 , 100 , 300 , 480 ,180
Average / Mean = 296 Spread=570

Another term that relates spread is S.D.

7
Standard deviation (ó) :
 The amount by which each reading is most
likely to deviate from the average . “Or” how far
a known percentage of the distribution lies
from the mean.
 What is the practical use of standard
deviation?
1. Mean tells us the average value of the
distribution and standard deviation
indicates the scatter.
2. We can use it to estimate how many of
our values will come within a certain
range.
To calculate SD there are six steps
1. Calculate the average of all the observations.
2. Subtract this average from each observations.
3. Square each number obtained in step 2.
4. Find the sum of all numbers obtained in step 3.
5. Divide the number obtained instep 4 by number of
observations minus one.
6. Take the square root of the number obtained in 5.

9
Standard Deviation measures spread

Calculate
Average
Subtract
Average
Square the
Results
Add the
outcomes

Normalize

Take the
Square
root 10

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