Solar Power

Plant Design
Province of Antique
Solar Power
Involves converting energy from sunlight into electricity using photovoltaics (PV) or solar thermal power generation
systems This renewable energy source is harnessed through technologies like solar panels to generate electricity for
various applications. It is an environmentally friendly and sustainable energy solution that is increasingly being adopted
by homeowners and businesses.

Solar Power Plant

A large-scale photovoltaic (PV) system
designed for the supply of merchant power at
the utility level, often referred to as solar parks,
solar farms, or solar power plants.
Location
● There are many areas in Antique that is suitable for a location of solar power plant or solar farm, using
Global Solar Atlas, places in Antique province has a global horizontal irradiance ranges to 1270.6 –
1920 .9 kWh/m2. By selecting different location in antique with highest Global Horizontal Irradiance
(GHI) the group selected different possible sites for solar power plant with respect to areas with few
shadings like trees, building and other relevant objects that could cause shading losses. The group
selected Tobias Fornier and Anini-y Borders.
Plant Capacity

Plant Capacity:
PV Panel Selection and Sizing
● For this project the group decided to use a Monocrystalline PV panel since this module
has the highest efficiency of 13-17 % compared to Polycrystalline PV panel that has 11-
15 % efficiency and also has the lowest cost compared to Hybrid PV panel even though it
has the highest efficiency of 17 %+.

Number of 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑾 )=𝟐𝟖𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑾

Panels Watts of Module (W) = 400W
PV Panel Specifications (SunPower)

Dimensions
Spacing Between Modules
Spacing between modules is very important to reduce shading from each
modules. Using meteorological datum and sunpath chart we can calculate the
necessary space between rows for each modules

Overall Module Area =

Spacing Between Modules
Given:
Sun window: 9 am to 3 pm
Altitude = 35⁰
Azimuth = 136⁰
Tilt = 13⁰
opposite
sinሺᴓሻ =
Hypotenuse
L =1690 mm opposite
H tanሺᴓሻ =
adjacent
ᴓ =13⁰
𝐒 = 𝟑𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟎 𝐦𝐦
Inverter Selection and Inverter Sizing
● Central inverters are sizable apparatuses employed in solar power plants to
transform the direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating
current (AC) that can be transmitted to the electrical grid.

Plant Capacity
No. of Inverters =
Inverter AC power output

Inverter AC power output = 1350 kW

Plant Capacity = 28440 kW

No. of Inverters = 21 units

Total Power = 28350 kW

Inverter Selection and Inverter Sizing
● Module in series for finding minimum and maximum number of
modules.
Given:
Using the formula: TH = 32⁰C (based on geographical location)
TR = 25⁰C (for Ground or Pole mounted)
ሺVmpCoeff. ሻሺVmpሻ
Vmin = Vmp + ൭ሺTH + TR – TSTC ሻ ∗ ൱ Vmp = 65.8 V (Module)
100
TSTC = 25⁰C (Module)
ሺVocCoeff. ሻሺVocሻ VmpCoeff. = −0.29%/⁰C (Module)
Vmax = Voc + ൭ሺTL – TSTC ሻ ∗ ൱
100 VocCoeff. = −0.0023%/⁰C (Module)
TL = 26⁰C (based on geographical location)
Minimum number of modules = 9.04 or 10 Units Vstart−up = 540 V (Inverter)
Vmax,IN = 1000 V (Inverter)
Maximum number of modules = 13.22 or 13 Units
Inverter Selection and Inverter Sizing
Number of modules
Modules in series =
number of modules per strings

71100 units
Modules in series =
10 units

Modules in series = 7110 strings × 10 in series

Inverter Selection and Inverter Sizing
● The maximum DC input voltage (Vmax (INV, DC)) of the inverter should not be
surpassed by the voltage generated by the modules in the string, as this will negatively
impact the operating lifespan of the inverter. The maximum power point (MPP) of the
inverter determines the minimum number of modules in a string. This is because the
system needs to maintain its voltage within the MPP range of the inverter (Shaik, 2016).

Using the formula we determine if the sizing is undersize or oversize.

VOC ሺm oduleሻ@coldest module operating tem perature × nm ax < Vm ax (INV,DC)

VMPP ሺm oduleሻ@highest m odule operating tem perature × nm in > VMPP (INV m in)

Reference Value:
Vm ax (INV,DC) = 1000Vdc
VMPP (INV min) = 520 Vdc − 850 Vdc
Inverter Selection and Inverter Sizing
Given:
VMPP ሺmoduleሻ@highest module operating temperature = 65.8 Vmpp
VOC ሺmoduleሻ@coldest module operating temperature = 75.6 V
nm ax = 13
For optimal conversion of DC to AC power,
nm in = 10 the ideal ratio should be 1. However, it is
necessary to consider Standard Testing
settings (STC) when evaluating the output of
Calculations:
PV modules, as these modules seldom run at
75.6 V × 13 < 1000Vdc these settings (Solar News, 2022)
982.2 Vdc < 1000Vdc
DC
65.8 Vmpp × 10 > 520 Vdc − 850 Vdc Pnom ratio =
AC
658 V > 520 Vdc − 850 Vdc
Pnom ratio = 1.00317 or 1.0
Transformer Selection and Sizing
When sizing transformers for a solar PV power plant, it is important to consider a unity power
factor. This means that for a power output of 1000 kW, the transformer should also be rated
at 1000 kVA.

1000 kW = 1000 kVA

Reference value = 28350 kW
28350 kW = 30000 MVA
Energy Produced
● Utilize the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) data of the specific location to determine
the annual energy production. The Global Horizontal Irradiance of the site base on Global
Solar Atlas is 1913 kWh/m2 and the module area is 125687 m2

Losses to consider:
External Transformer. Losses = 1.1%
Soiling Loss = 2.0%
Mismatch Losses = 0.01 to 3%
Module Quality Loss (10 years) = 0.5%/Year
Irradiation = 1.5%
IAM Factor on Global = 2.5%
Inverter Losses (Efficiency) = 95 − 98%
Light Induced Degradation = 2 to 4%
Total Losses (Assume minimum losses) = 21.81%
DC Cable Losses = 1%
PV efficiency at STC = 22.6%
Auxiliary Losses = 0.7 to 1%

AC Cable Losses = 1%
Energy Produced
Calculations:

kWh kWh kWh

1913 − (ሺ2.0% + 2.5%ሻ ∗ 1913 = 1826.915
m2 m2 m2
kWh
1826.915 ∗ 125687 m2 = 229630149 kWh or 229630.149 MWh
m2

229619.4656 MWh ∗ 0.226 = 51896.41367 MWh (at module efficiency STC)

51896.41367 MWh − ሺ0.2181 ∗ 51896.41367 MWhሻ = 40577.80585 MWh (at total losses)

In comparison of the gathered data of energy produced yearly of Antique,

Philippines which is 148117 MWh, the plant energy produced in calculation at all possible
losses of the plant is 40577.80585 MWh.
Power Plant Economics
Manpower and Labor Salaries
Salary
Position No. of Personnel Annual Salary
(Monthly)
Plant Manger 1 ₱200,000.00 ₱2,400,000.00 Land Cost (Land needed):
Maintenance Manager 3 ₱57,391.00 ₱2,066,076.00
Performance and Training Manager 3 ₱51,785.00 ₱1,864,260.00
Operations Manager 3 ₱102,148.00 ₱3,677,328.00 Land Cost = ₱54,475/m2
Control and Instrument 3 ₱25,000.00 ₱900,000.00
Maintenance Engineer 3 ₱60,666.00 ₱2,183,976.00
Building Area = 248070m2
Electrical Maintenance Engineer 3 ₱50,000.00 ₱1,800,000.00
Pollution Control Officer 3 ₱47,500.00 ₱1,710,000.00
Mechanical Maintenance Engineer 3 ₱50,000.00 ₱1,800,000.00 Building Area Cost = Land Cost ∗ Building Area
QSHE Officer 3 ₱30,000.00 ₱1,080,000.00
Shift Charge Engineer 3 ₱30,000.00 ₱1,080,000.00 Building Area Cost = ₱13,513,613,250.00
Shift Supervisor 3 ₱25,000.00 ₱900,000.00
Purchaser 4 ₱20,000.00 ₱960,000.00
Safety Officer 4 ₱23,000.00 ₱1,104,000.00
Control and Instrument Technician 4 ₱20,000.00 ₱960,000.00
Electrical Technician 5 ₱45,000.00 ₱2,700,000.00
Security Personnel 10 ₱25,000.00 ₱1,500,000.00
Plant Operator 10 ₱32,000.00 ₱3,840,000.00
Maintenance Labor 10 ₱20,000.00 ₱2,400,000.00
Utility Personnel 10 ₱18,000.00 ₱2,160,000.00
TOTAL ₱932,490.00 ₱37,085,640.00
Power Plant Economics
Equipment Cost
Equipment Quantity Cost Total Cost
Solar Panel (SPR-MAX3-400) 71100 PhP 21,042.00 PhP 1,496,086,200.00
Combiner Box 1000V DC 225 PhP 10,000.00 PhP 2,250,000.00
Inverter (SPI260K-B) 21 PhP 527,330.00 PhP 11,073,930.00
Switchgear 1 PhP 333,051.00 PhP 333,051.00
Transformer (30 MVA Oil Immersed
1 PhP 141,990.00 PhP 141,990.00
Transformer)
TOTAL PhP 1,509,885,171.00

Cost of plant:

Overall Cost Of Plant = Building Area Cost + Equipment Cost

Overall Cost Of Plant = ₱13,513,613,250.00 + ₱1,509,885,171.00

Overall Cost Of Plant = ₱15,023,498,421

Power Plant Economics Assumed Economic Life of the
30
Plant (Years)
Power Station Salvage value PhP 15,023,498,421.00 10% PhP 1,502,349,842.10
Estimated Primary Transmission
126.25
Line Length (km)
PhP 7,575,000.00
Cost of Primary Transmission Line
PhP 60,000.00
(PhP/km)
Primary Dsitribution System
30
Power Plant Economics Economic Life (Years)

with assumptions calculations Primary Distribution Sytem

PhP 7,575,000.00 30% PhP 2,272,500.00
Salvage Value
Cost of Secondary Transmission
PhP 2,000,000.00
Line (Assumption - 15 years)
Secondary Distribution System
PhP 2,000,000.00 20% PhP 400,000.00
Salvage Values
Interest Rate 6.50%
Taxes and Insurance 5%
Management Cost PhP 15,023,498,421.00 3% PhP 450,704,952.63
Maintenance and Repair PhP 1,509,885,171.00 3% PhP 45,296,555.13
Cost of Franchise and Publicity PhP 450,000.00
Collcting Revenue PhP 580,000.00
Operating Secondary Distribution
PhP 5,000,000.00
System Cost
Power Plant Economics
Capital Cost = Cost of Plant + Cost of Primary Transmission
Capital Cost PhP 15,023,498,421.00
Depreciation = Capital Cost - Salvage Value
Plant PhP 13,521,148,578.90

Fixed Element Transmission PhP 5,302,500.00

Annual Depreciation Reserve is calculated by straight line basis:
Plant Depreciation Reserve (annual) PhP 450,704,952.63
Primary Line Depreciation Reserve PhP 176,750.00
Annual Depreciation Reserve = Plant D.R. + Primary D.R. PhP 450,881,702.63
Interest, Taxes and Insurance = (0.065 + 0.05) × Plant Cost PhP 1,727,702,318.42
Maintenance & Repair Cost (10%) PhP 4,529,655.51
Management Cost PhP 450,704,952.63
Total Annual Fixed Cost PhP 31,634,649,831.72
Power Plant Economics
Energy Element

Labor Cost PhP 37,085,640.00

Maintenance and Repairs in 90% PhP 40,766,899.62
Total Annual Energy Element Cost PhP 77,852,539.62

Customer Element

Depreciation of Secondary (minus 20%) PhP 1,600,000.00

Annual Depreciation Reserve (by 15 years) PhP 106,666.67
Interest, Taxes and Insurance PhP 230,000.00
Operating Cost PhP 2,000,000.00
Cost of Franchise and Publicity PhP 450,000.00
Collecting Revenue PhP 580,000.00
Total Annual Customer Element Charge PhP 4,966,666.67
Power Plant Economics
Investor Profit
Plant Cost PhP 15,023,498,421.00
Cost of Primary Line PhP 7,575,000.00
Cost Secondary Distribution PhP 2,000,000.00
Total Capital PhP 15,033,073,421.00
Profit Element PhP 1,202,645,873.68

Overall Element Summary

Fixed Element PhP 31,634,649,831.72

Energy Element PhP 77,852,539.62
Customer Element PhP 4,966,666.67
Profit Element PhP 1,202,645,873.68
Annual Production Cost PhP 32,920,114,911.69
Power Plant Economics
Suppose that 80% of the Plant output is recorded on the customer's meter.

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 40577805.85 𝑘𝑊ℎ (0.80)(365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 1184871931 𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑤 =
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

PhP 32,920,114,911.69
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑤 =
1184871931 𝑘𝑊ℎ

PhP 32,920,114,911.69
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑤 =
1184871931 𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝑃ℎ𝑃
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐾𝑤 = 27.7836
𝑘𝑊ℎ
Power Plant Economics
Return on Investment: 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝑃ℎ𝑃 4,285,858.1276 ∗ 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 22.6%
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝑃ℎ𝑃 1,564,338,216.574
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 28440000 𝑊 28.4 𝑀𝑊
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑃 32,920,114,911.69 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑎𝑦 = 28440 𝐾𝑤 (0.226)

𝑃ℎ𝑃 32,920,114,911.69
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 =
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑎𝑦 = 6427.44 𝐾𝑤 𝑃ℎ𝑃 1,564,338,216.574

𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 6427.44 𝐾𝑤(24 ℎ𝑟𝑠) 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟏𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔

𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 154258.56 𝑘𝑊ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑃ℎ𝑃
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 154258.56 𝑘𝑊ℎ ∗ ቆ 27.7836 ቇ
𝑘𝑊ℎ

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 𝑃ℎ𝑃 4,285,858.1276 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦

Summary
Return on Investment Summary

Return on Investment Amount

Income per Day PhP 4,285,858.1276
Income per Year PhP 1,564,338,216.574
Payback Period 21.0441 years
Summary
Overall Plant Summary

Plant Capacity 28440 kW

Number of Modules 71100 units
Nominal Power 400 W
Module Area 125687 m2
Area of single Module 1.76774 m2
Spacing between rows 383.90 mm
Inverter AC Power Output 1350 W
Number of Inverters 21 units
Total Power 28350 kW
Modules in Series 7110 strings x 10 in series
Power Ratio 1.00317 or 1.0
Transformer 30 MVA
Payback Period 21.0441 Years
Conclusion
The return on investment (ROI) of steam power plants, diesel power
plants, and solar power plants varies significantly. Steam power plants offer a quick
ROI of just over a year due to their efficient operation and low initial investment.
However, ongoing maintenance costs and environmental concerns may need to be
addressed. Diesel power plants have a moderate ROI period of over four years,
making them suitable for areas with limited grid power or as backup generators.
However, their dependency on fossil fuels raises sustainability and operational
costs. Solar power plants, with their environmentally friendly operation and
unlimited fuel source, offer a longer ROI period of 21 years, despite substantial
operational costs and potential for long-term sustainability. The choice between
these power plants depends on location, energy requirements, environmental
considerations, and financial objectives.
 Thanks!
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