A Tour of The Cell: Biology: Concepts & Connections
A Tour of The Cell: Biology: Concepts & Connections
2. Discuss ways that cellular organelles are involved in the manufacture and breakdown of important cellular molecules
4. Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in manufacture and breakdown of important cellular materials 5. Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in energy conversion
6. Describe the function of each cellular organelle that is involved in internal and external support of the cell
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10 m
Human height
1m
Chicken egg
Frog egg
1 mm 100 m
Most plant and animal cells Nucleus Most bacteria Mitochondrion Mycoplasmas (smallest bacteria) Viruses
10 m
1 m
100 nm
10 nm 1 nm
0.1 nm
Atoms
Electron microscope
Plant and animal cells are 10 times larger than most bacteria
ABSENT/NUCLEOID
SIMPLE Bacteria and archaea COMPLEX
Pili
Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome Cell wall Capsule A typical rod-shaped bacterium Flagella A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM)
Fig 4.3 A structural diagram (left) and electron micrograph (right) of a typical prokaryotic cell.
2. Breakdown of molecules
3. Energy processing 4. Structural support, movement, and communication
IV. Structural support, movement, and communication: cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall
Example:movement of phagocytic cells to an infected area
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1. NUCLEUS:
2. Nuclear envelope 10. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 11. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 3. Chromosomes 4. Nucleolus
12. Lysosome 13. Centriole Peroxisome 5. Ribosomes 6. Golgi apparatus 7. Plasma membrane 9. Mitochondrion
CYTOSKELETON: Microtubule
Intermediate filament
Microfilament
NUCLEUS:
Nuclear envelope Chromosome Nucleolus Golgi apparatus
Central vacuole
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome Plasma membrane Cell wall of adjacent cell
PARTNERSHIP/GROUPING
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) 9. Flagella 10. Lysosomes 11. Nucleus 12. Cilia
2. Ribosome
3. Mitochondria 4. Vacuole 5. Centrioles 6. Golgi Apparatus
13. Chloroplast
14. Cytoplasm
7. Cell wall
8. Plasma Membrane
ANIMAL
Present
Present Present
PLANT
Present
Present
Present
One or more small One, large central vacuoles (much smaller than plant vacuole taking up 90% of cell volume cells). Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms.
Present Absent
only cell membrane
Present Present
cell wall and a cell membrane
ANIMAL
May be found in some cells Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm.
PLANT
May be found in some cells Lysosomes usually not evident.
Lysosomes
Nucleus
Cilia
Present Present
Animal cells don't have chloroplasts
Chloroplast Cytoplasm
Present
Present
The nucleus controls the cells activities and is responsible for inheritance
Inside is a complex of proteins and DNA called chromatin, which makes up the cells chromosomes DNA is copied within the nucleus prior to cell division
The nuclear envelope is a double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus
It is attached to a network of cellular membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin Pore
Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
4.7 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
Ribosomes are involved in the cells protein synthesis
Ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleolus, which is found in the nucleus Cells that must synthesize large amounts of protein have a large number of ribosomes
4.7 Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export
Bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated with the nuclear envelope
Ribosomes ER
Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes Large subunit Small subunit
Diagram of a ribosome
4.8 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system
The membranes within a eukaryotic cell are physically connected and compose the endomembrane system
The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
4.8 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system
Some components of the endomembrane system are able to communicate with others with formation and transfer of small membrane segments called vesicles
One important result of communication is the synthesis, storage, and export of molecules
Nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Rough ER makes additional membrane for itself and proteins destined for secretion
Once proteins are synthesized, they are transported in vesicles to other parts of the endomembrane system
1
2 Glycoprotein
Sugar chain
Polypeptide
Rough ER
4.10 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
The Golgi apparatus functions in conjunction with the ER by modifying products of the ER
Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to the Golgi apparatus
One side of the Golgi apparatus functions as a receiving dock for the product and the other as a shipping dock
Products are modified as they go from one side of the Golgi apparatus to the other and travel in vesicles to other sites
Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
Food vacuole
Food vacuole
Digestion
Food vacuole
Lysosome
Lysosome
Lysosome
Digestion
Chloroplast Nucleus
Central vacuole
Nucleus
Contractile vacuoles
Figure 4.12B Contractile vacuoles in Paramecium, a single-celled organism.
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuole
Plasma membrane
ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Stroma Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space
The hypothesis of endosymbiosis proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells
Symbiosis benefited both cell types
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Mitochondrion Engulfing of photosynthetic prokaryote Some cells Engulfing of aerobic prokaryote Chloroplast Host cell
4.17 The cells internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
Cells contain a network of protein fibers, called the cytoskeleton, that functions in cell structural support and motility
Scientists believe that motility and cellular regulation result when the cytoskeleton interacts with proteins called motor proteins
ATP
(b)
4.17 The cells internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
The cytoskeleton is composed of three kinds of fibers
Microfilaments (actin filaments) support the cells shape and are involved in motility
Intermediate filaments reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles Microtubules (made of tubulin) shape the cell and act as tracks for motor protein
Nucleus
Nucleus
Actin subunit
7 nm
Fibrous subunits
10 nm
Tubulin subunit
25 nm
Microfilament
Video: Chlamydomonas
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Cilia
Flagellum
Cross sections: Outer microtubule doublet Central microtubules Radial spoke Flagellum
Dynein arms
Plasma membrane Triplet Basal body
Basal body
On the other hand, there are genetic reasons that sperm lack motility
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an example
4.20 The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support, movement, and regulation
Cells synthesize and secrete the extracellular matrix (ECM) that is essential to cell function
The ECM is composed of strong fibers of collagen, which holds cells together and protects the plasma membrane ECM attaches through connecting proteins that bind to membrane proteins called integrins
Integrins span the plasma membrane and connect to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Connecting glycoprotein
Integrin Plasma membrane
Microfilaments
CYTOPLASM
Gap junctions are channels that allow molecules to flow between cells
Animation: Desmosomes Animation: Gap Junctions Animation: Tight Junctions
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Tight junctions
Anchoring junction
Plant cells have cell junctions called plasmodesmata that serve in communication between cells