and

Summarising
 -:Objectives of Note Making:-
1.Note making is an advanced writing skill which is gradually
becoming important due to knowledge explosion. There is an
earnest need to remember the important points pertaining to the
given subject. Making notes is a complex activity which
combines several skills.
2.Note making is useful as it saves times, energy and the space at
the working place, while attending lecture at school or in college,
in a meeting etc. It enhances the confidence to revise the topic
wherever we want.
3.Note-making basically involves noting the main points of
whatever is read or heard, as one cannot be expected to
remember all that one has read.
 -:Types of passages:-

1.Factual (550-600 words)- A factual passage includes some facts

about physical aspects of the subjects. It includes instructions,
description and reports.

2.Discursive (550-600 words)- It includes argumentative,

interpretative and persuasive text. Such passages may include
opinions and feedback.
 FORMAT
TITLE
1. Heading
1.i. Sub-Heading
1.ii. Sub-Heading
Sub Sub-Heading can be
1.iii. Sub-Heading the part of any Sub-
1.iv. Sub-Heading Heading. Minimum two
Sub Sub Headings
1.iv. a. Sub Sub-Heading
together is a must.
1.iv.b. Sub Sub-Heading
2. Heading
2.i. Sub-Heading
Check the numbering and
2.ii. Sub-Heading
indentation carefully.
2.ii. a. Sub Sub-Heading
2.iii. Sub-Heading
2.iv. Sub-Heading
3. Heading
3.i. Sub-Heading Check the numbering and
indentation carefully.
3.ii. Sub-Heading Three different
3.iii. Sub-Heading figures/identities have to
be used for numbering
3.iv. Sub-Heading
3.iv. a. Sub Sub-Heading
3.iv. b. Sub Sub-Heading

4. Heading
4.i. Sub-Heading
4.ii. Sub-Heading
4.ii. a. Sub Sub-Heading
4.iii. Sub-Heading
4.iv. Sub-Heading
 Abbreviation Key
1. devlp- Development Five abbreviations
2. Config- Configuration only
3. Nat- National
4. Sys- Systematic

Summary (In 10 to 12 lines only)

 Dos and Don'ts of Note Making
 Read the passage very carefully. Make sure you already highlight or underline the keywords which are
important.
 Then think of how you have to present it. The key is to be precise and to the point. Don't exaggerate or
include unnecessary details.
 Make sure you are taking care of the word limit. Find the title/ heading of the passage (for this read first
and last para). Underline the main points. Find sub-headings.
 Don't forget to use abbreviations. It is very important to use at least 4 abbreviations. Also, make an
table/index at the end where all abbreviations and full forms are presented.
 Organise the information systematically. Do not write in complete sentences; use words/phrases only.
Avoid use of Articles and Conjunctions.
 Write Summary in complete sentences in one paragraph. Follow the word limit. Maximum 8-10 lines
only. In fact, a good summary should give ideas, facts or points in the order in which they are given in
the original text. Add some transition words such as-then, however, also, moreover etc., that help with
the overall structure and flow of the summary. Avoid repetition.
 A box is must with the abbreviation key.
 Proper indentation is required for effective and neat presentation.
 Avoid cancellations and scribbling.
 How To Abbreviate Words
1. Use the first part of words
Using just the first part of a word is a great way to shorten it, and is generally still clear and easy to understand.
For example writing pol, instead of politics. This is one of the most straightforward note-taking abbreviations.

2. Use the start and end of the word

Using the start and end of a word can also be useful in saving time, and adding an apostrophe can also help
make it more clear for some people, such as govt instead of the full word government.

3. Eliminate vowels
In some cases, you may have no choice but to spell out the entire word in order to make it understandable, but
often you can at least skip the vowels to save some time. For example writing schl instead of school or prblm
instead of problem. Every letter counts when it comes to note-taking abbreviations.

4. Make your own

You’re the one writing these abbreviations, and also the one using them. So whatever will help you save time
and still make sense of what’s written — go for it! At the end of the day, there are no rules when it comes to
abbreviations. The ball is in your court, and that’s exactly the beauty of note-taking abbreviations.

5. Use symbols
Symbols are a great way to save time when taking notes, and generally are just one simple character. When it
comes to topics such as science and math, note-taking symbols are especially useful.
6. Leave out periods
While standard abbreviations may have periods, skip them! For example, the United States of America can just
be written as “USA” instead of “U.S.A.”

7. Use the first syllable and first letter

One example of this type of note taking abbreviation is subj instead of subject.

8. Get rid of the end of the word

Take the example of the word information. There’s no need to write it all out, since info will surely do the
trick. Intro instead of introduction is also another classic example.

9. Use only the final consonant

When it comes to note-taking abbreviations, using only the final consonant of a word is also great. For
example, demoy instead of writing out democracy.

10. Don’t shorten already short words

Words that are already short don’t need to be shortened even more. In, at, to, for and all those two to three
letter words can stay as they came in one piece.

11. Forget the unnecessary verbs

Some verbs are just not needed at all, and getting rid of them completely can help save you time while taking
notes, such as be and went.
A quick recap
Title- 1
Headings- 4
Sub Headings- 16 (four to five sub heading under each
heading)
Sub Sub Heading – minimum 2 together is a must
Abbreviation Key- five must
Summary- 10 – 12 lines only in One paragraph or 80 words

Common ideas for numbering:-

Headings:- 1, 2, 3, 4, / I, II, III, IV
Sub Headings:- i, ii, iii, iv, / (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
Sub Sub Headings:- a, b , c , d
Passage 1
1. Occasional self medication has always been part of normal living. The making and selling of drugs has a long history and
is closely linked, like medical practice itself, with belief in magic. Only during the last hundred years or so has the
development of scientific techniques made diagnosis possible. The doctor is now able to follow up the correct diagnosis of
many illnesses-with specific treatment of their cause. In many other illnesses of which the causes remain unknown, he is
still limited, like the unqualified prescriber, to the treatment of symptoms. The doctor is trained to decide when to treat
symptoms only and when to attack the cause. This is the essential difference between medical prescribing and self-
medication.
2. The advance of technology has brought about much progress in some fields of medicine, including the development of
scientific drug therapy. In many countries public health organisation is improving and peoples’ nutritional standards have
risen. Parallel with such beneficial trends are two which have an adverse effect. One is the use of high pressure advertising
by the pharmaceutical industry has lead to the overuse of drugs generally. The other is the emergence of sedentary society
with its faulty ways of living: lack of exercise, overeating, unsuitable eating, insufficient sleep, excessive smoking and
drinking. People with disorders arising from faulty habits and unhappy human relationships, often resort to self-
medication.
3. Clever advertising aimed at chronic sufferers; who will try anything because doctors have not been able to cure them; can
induce faith in a medicine, particularly if it is steeply priced. Advertisements are also aimed at people suffering from mild
complaints such as simple colds and coughs which advertisements claim will clear up within a short time due to the intake
of a medicinal product.
4. The sale of OTC drugs has increase manifold due to clever marketing strategies. These are the main reasons why
laxatives, indigestion-remedies, pain killers, cough – mixtures, tonics, vitamins and iron tablets, nose drops, ointments and
many other preparations are found in quantity in many households. It is doubtful whether taking these things even
improves a person’s health or it simply makes it worse. Worse, because the preparation may contain unsuitable ingredients
making a person dependent on them. They may also cause poisoning and worst of all the symptoms of an underlying
problem may be masked and therefore medical help may be sought. Self-diagnosis is a greater danger than self-medication.
 SELF-MEDICATION
I. History & Background
I.1 Occasional self-medication part of normal living
I.2 Medical techq dvlped in last 100 years
I.3 Many diseases causes unknown
I.4 Trained doctors

II. Advance Technology

II.1 Progress in some medical field
II.2 Dvlmt of scientific drug therapy
II.3 Nutritional standards risen
II.4 Adverse affect also
II.4.a. Pharmacy industry pressure advertisement
III. Clever advertising targets
III.1. Chronic suffers
III.2. Induce faith in medicine
III.3 People suffering from mild complaints
III.4 Also claims quick recovery

IV. Misleading Public

IV.1 Households with large number of OTC drugs
IV.1.a.laxatives, indigestion-remedies, pain killers, cough – mixtures, tonics
IV.2. Cure/results doubtful
IV.3. Adverse effects from unknown contents
IV.4. Self diagnosis even more dangerous
 Abbreviations Key
1. techq- technical
2. dvlped- developed
3. symptm- symptoms
4. Dvlmt- development

Summary
Self medication has always been a part of living. Huge progress in the field of medical science has
taken place in about last 100 years. However, medical practioners and scientists are still struggling for
the 100 per cent cure of several diseases. Though the advance technology has brought significant
improvement but has also resulted in several adverse effects. Pressure advertising by pharmaceutical
companies has led to overuse of drugs. Sedentary lifestyle has resorted to self medication.
Pharmaceutical companies clever advertisements targets chronic suffers and people suffering from
mild issues. Households are flooding with several OTC drugs and people are completely unaware
about their effects - good or bad. Another problem that is arising with self-medication is self-diagnosis
which is more dangerous.