Wave Shaping

-BEEE SEMINAR
What is a Signal?

 Any form of information that carries a message or conveys meaning.

 A Signal can also be called as a Wave.
 Waves can exist in various shapes:
1. Sine Wave
2. Square Wave
3. Triangle Wave
4. Sawtooth Wave
Wave Shaping and Its Types

 Wave shaping is the process of modifying or altering the shape or

characteristics of a waveform.
 It involves manipulating the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a wave
to achieve a desired output waveform.
 Wave Shaping is of two types:
 Linear Wave Shaping
 Non-Linear Wave Shaping
Need for Wave Shaping

 Wave Shaping is required in the field of electronics for:

 Modify or Condition the incoming signals to meet certain requirements.
 Creation of diverse sounds in music synthesis.
 Achieving reliable data transmission
 Signal Modulation and Demodulation
 Bandwidth Limitation in Wireless connections
Linear Wave Shaping

 Wave Shaping using Linear elements (Resistors, Capacitors and Inductors)

 Output Waveform directly proportional to Input Waveform
 The relation between the input and output signal can be expressed as a linear
function
 Filtering – Key Aspect
 Filtering is the process of attenuating the unwanted signal or to reproduce the
selected portions of the frequency components of a particular signal.
Filters

 A Filter is a circuit that can remove unwanted portions of a signal at its input.
 The process of reduction in the strength of the signal is also termed
as Attenuation.
 We have few components which help us in filtering techniques.
• A Capacitor has the property to allow AC and to block DC
• An Inductor has the property to allow DC but blocks AC.
 We have four main types of filters −
• Low pass filter
• High pass filter
• Band pass filter
• Band stop filter
Low Band Filter

 Allows a set of frequencies that are below a certain specified value

 The capacitor filter or RC filter and the inductor filter or RL filter both act as low
pass filters.
• The RC filter − As the capacitor is placed in shunt, the AC it allows is
grounded. This by passes all the high frequency components while allows DC
at the output.
• The RL filter − As the inductor is placed in series, the DC is allowed to the
output. The inductor blocks AC which is not allowed at the output.
High Pass Filter

 Allows a set a frequencies that are above a specified value.

 The capacitor filter or RC filter and the inductor filter or RL filter both act as high
pass filters.
 The RC Filter
 As the capacitor is placed in series, it blocks the DC components and allows the AC
components to the output. Hence the high frequency components appear at the
output across the resistor.
 The RL Filter
 As the inductor is placed in shunt, the DC is allowed to be grounded. The remaining
AC component, appears at the output.
Band Pass Filter

 Allows a set of frequencies that are between two specified values.

 To obtain this we need to cascade a HPF and a LPF.
 High Pass Filter – Blocks frequencies below the specified lower limit.
 Low Pass Filter – Blocks frequencies above the specified upper limit.
 When both are cascaded we get intermediate bands as output.
Band Stop Filter

 Blocks and Attenuates a set of frequencies between two specified values.

 Also called Band Reject Filter.
 Obtained by cascading HPF and LPF.
1. Passband Section: The passband section of a band-stop filter allows
frequencies outside the stopband range to pass through relatively unattenuated.
It can be implemented using components such as capacitors and resistors to
create a high-pass filter or a low-pass filter.
2. Stopband Section: The stopband section is designed to attenuate or block
frequencies within the desired stopband range. It is typically created using
reactive components, such as capacitors, inductors, or a combination of both.
The specific design and configuration of the stopband section determine the
effectiveness and width of the stopband.
Non-Linear Wave Shaping

 Process of producing non-sinusoidal output wave forms from sinusoidal input,

using non-linear elements is called as nonlinear wave shaping.
 Non-Linear Elements such as diodes are used.
 Relation between input and output waveforms is not a linear function.
 Clipper circuits are used for performing Non-Linear Wave Shaping.
Clipper Circuits and its Advantages

 A Clipper circuit is a circuit that rejects the part of the input wave specified
while allowing the remaining portion.
 The clipping circuits consist of linear and non-linear elements like resistors and
diodes but not energy storage elements like capacitors.
 Advantages:
 To eliminate the unwanted noise present in the amplitudes.
 Work as square wave converters, as they can convert sine waves into square waves
by clipping.
 Amplitude of the desired wave can be maintained at a constant level.
 Two types: Positive and Negative Clipper Circuits.
Positive Clipper Circuits

 Clipper Circuit that attenuates positive portions of the input signal.

 Positive peak is clipped by the circuit
 Types:
 Positive Series Clipper
 With Positive Vr
 With Negative Vr
 Positive Shunt Clipper
 With Positive Vr
 With Negative Vr
Negative Clipper Circuits

 Clipper Circuit that attenuates negative portions of the input signal.

 Negative peak is clipped by the circuit.
 Types:
 Negative Series Clipper
 With Positive Vr
 With Negative Vr
 Negative Shunt Clipper
 With Positive Vr
 With Negative Vr
Applications of Clipper Circuit

 Used for the generation and shaping of waveforms

 Used for the protection of circuits from spikes
 Used for amplitude restorers
 Used as voltage limiters
 Used in television circuits
 Used in FM transmitters
Clamper Circuits

 Circuit that adds a DC to an AC Signal.

 Used to place the positive and negative peaks of the signal at desired levels.
 Consists of a diode, resistor and a capacitor.
 The actual appearance of the applied signal is not changed.
Types of Clampers

 Positive Clamper Circuit

 With Positive Vr
 With Negative Vr

 Negative Clamper Circuit

 With Positive Vr
 With Negative Vr
Applications of Clamper Circuits

 Used as direct current restorers

 Used to remove distortions
 Used as voltage multipliers
 Used for the protection of amplifiers
 Used as test equipment
 Used as base-line stabilizer
Limiter

 Circuit that limits the output voltage from exceeding a pre-defined

value.
 Limiter is a Clipper Circuit.
 Types:
• Unipolar Limiter − This circuit limits the signal in one way.
• Bipolar Limiter − This circuit limits the signal in two way.
• Soft Limiter − The output may change in this circuit for even a slight change in the
input.
• Hard Limiter − The output will not easily change with the change in input signal.
• Single Limiter − This circuit employs one diode for limiting.
• Double Limiter − This circuit employs two diodes for limiting.
Voltage Multipliers

 Circuit that generates an output voltage which is a multiple of the input voltage.
 Used in high voltage power supplies.
 Amplitude of Input Voltage=Vmax
 Amplitude of Output Voltage = Multiple of Vmax
 It is a Clamper Circuit.
Wave Shaping Applications

 Signal Processing:
 Generate, Modify and Filter Signals
 Audio and Video Processing
 Communication
 Signal Transmission, Modulation and Demodulation
 Frequency and Phase Shifting
 Medical Equipment
 Electrocardiograms and Electroencephalograms
 Generate and analyse electric signals from human body
References

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/electronic_circuits/index.htm
 https://byjusexamprep.com/function-generators-wave-shaping-circuits-i
 https://ecstudiosystems.com/discover/textbooks/basic-electronics/wave-sha
ping/shaping-circuits/
 https://www.eeeguide.com/what-is-waveshaping/
 https://electronicscoach.com/clipper-circuits.html
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