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 Course Details:
Course Name: Anatomy-I
Course Code: BMS02101
Credit hours: 4(3-1)

 Instructor:
Dr. Arooj Hanif, PT
UIPT,UOL
 Topic of Lecture:
 Basic Definitions of Anatomy.
 Learning Objectives: students
may able to learn:
 Basic definition’s of Anatomy.
 Physiology.

 Kinesiology.

 Pathology.

 Microbiology.

 Macrobiology.

 Histology & Embryology

 Basic Anatomical terms like, Flexion, Extension,
Anatomy:
 The branch of science concerned
with the bodily structure of
humans, animals, and other living
organisms, especially as revealed
by dissection and the separation of
parts.
 “Ana” means “cut” and “tomy”
means “study’.
To study by cutting the internal and
external structures of the human body.
 Examples:
Anatomy of Arm, forearm and hand.
Anatomy of Thorax , abdomen and
lower limb.
Human Anatomy
 Physiology:
• The branch of biology that deals
with the normal functions of living
organisms and their parts.
• The way in which a living organism
or bodily part functions.
• Example:
"the physiology of the brain"
Physiological processes:
 Kinesiology:
• The study of the mechanics of body
movements.
• Study of muscles and movements.
• Application of kinesiology to
human health. Human kinesiology
include biomechanics and
orthopedics.
• Strength and conditioning, Sports
psychology.
 Pathology:
• The science of the causes and
effects of diseases, especially the
branch of medicine that deals with
the laboratory examination of
samples of body tissue for
diagnostic or forensic purposes.
Pathology
 Histology
• Histology, also known as microscopic
anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch
of biology which studies the microscopic
anatomy of biological tissues.
Histology is the microscopic counterpart
to gross anatomy, which looks at larger
structures visible without a microscope.
Histology of breast cancer tissues:
 Embryology:
• The branch of biology and medicine
concerned with the study of embryos
and their development. The study of
how human embryos develop from
fertilization to birth is an example of
“human embryology”.
• Stages of human embryo:
 Microbiology
• The branch of science that deals
with micro-organisms. “Micro”
word is always use for small.
• For example, bacteriology is the
study of bacteria; mycology is the
study of fungi; protozoology is the
study of protozoa; virology is the
study of virus.
d
 Macrobiology
• Macrobiology is the branch of biology
that studies large living organisms that
can be seen by the naked eye.
Macrobiology is the opposite of
Microbiology.
• “Macro” word is always use for “large”.
 Applied Anatomy
• The application of anatomical
knowledge to the diagnosis and
treatment of disease.
• Also known as clinical anatomy.
• For example a trauma patient needs
to visit clinic and to be hospitalized.
Clinical Anatomy
 Surface Anatomy
 Surface anatomy is the study of the
external features of the body of an
animal.
• Surface anatomy deals with anatomical
features that can be studied by sight,
without dissection. As such, it is a
branch of gross anatomy, along with
endoscopic and radiological anatomy.
Anatomical Terms
 Superior:
• In anatomy, above or over top of.
As opposed to inferior.
• The heart is superior to the stomach.
Inferior :
• Situated below, or directed downward;
in anatomy, used in reference to the
lower surface of a structure, or to the
lower of two (or more) similar
structures.
Cranial:
• In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic"
are used to refer to the skull, with
"cranial" being used more
commonly. This is because the brain
is situated at the superior part of the
head whereas the nose is situated in
the anterior part.
Caudal:
• Inferior or caudal - away from the
head; lower (example, the foot is
part of the inferior extremity).
• For Example: The human tail
bone is an example of caudal
position.
a
Anterior:
• Anterior or ventral - front (example,
the kneecap is located on the anterior
side of the leg).
Posterior:
• Posterior or dorsal - back (example,
the shoulder blades are located on
the posterior side of the body).
Abduction:
• Abduction and adduction are two
terms that are used to describe
movements towards or away from
the midline of the body.
• Abduction is a movement away
from the midline – just as abducting
someone is to take them away.
Adduction:
 Adduction: Movement of a limb
toward the midline of the body. The
opposite of adduction is abduction.
 For example: Wrist
adduction, Shoulder adduction
etc.. just as adducting someone
is to take them towards.
a
Lateral:
Lateral means to the side of, or away
from, the middle of the body.(example,
the little toe is located at the lateral
side of the foot).
Medial:
Medial - toward the midline of the
body (example, the middle toe is
located at the medial side of the foot).
 Video links
https://youtu.be/pQUMJ6Gh9Bw
https://youtu.be/J8E2eS_1njA
 MCQ’s
1.To study by cutting the internal and external
structures of the human body is:
A. Anatomy
B. Histology
C. Pathology
D. Microbiology
2.Kinesiology is the study of:
E. Bones
F. Muscles
G. Nerves
H. Tendons
3.Opposite of macrobiology is:
A. Microbiology
B. Pathology
C. Embryology
D. Anatomy
4.Surface anatomy deals with study of:
E. External structure
F. Internal structure
G. Both
H. None
5. kneecap is located on the anterior side of:
A. Leg
B. Arm
C. Elbow
D. foot
MCQ’s Answer’s key:
1.A
2.B
3.A
4.A
5.A
SEQ’s Question:
 Define followings:
Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Kinesiology,
Physiology?
 Learning Outcomes:
• Every student will be explain the basic knowledge of
human anatomy.
• Every student will be analyze and synthesis their
knowledge and skills to create effective anatomy
teaching and learning tools.
• All students will learn about the structure of the body
and how it functions.
• The students would be able to describe the
Anatomical term’s and basic definitions of human
Anatomy. And every student would also be able to
identify the basic anatomical and fundamental
positions.
References:
A Textbook of General Anatomy by
Ghulam Ahmed.
A Textbook of (Atlas of Human
Anatomy) 5th Edition by Frank H.
Netter, MD.
Textbook of (Clinical Anatomy by
Regions 9th Edition) Richard Snell,
MD, PhD.