Paragraph

development
MODULE 8

PREPARED BY: GROUP 2

OBJECTIVES:
PART I. DEFINITION
1. Discuss defining a term that connected to a topic.
2. Discuss the method of understanding the meanings of the word.

PART II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION, OR EXEMPLIFICATION

3. Discuss the method of giving example and illustrating the idea that
being developed.

4. Define exemplification as a method of listing, enumerating and

giving examples to elaborate a topic or a subject.
OBJECTIVES:
PART III. PERSUASION
1. Define persuasion as a part of argumentation.
2. Consider the three (3) types of audience: supportive, wavering,
hostile

PART IV. ANALOGY, COMPARISON, CONTRAST

3. Define analogy, comparison and contrast.
4. Discuss each literary tools in which part of using comparison and
contrast.
OBJECTIVES:
PART V. CAUSE AND EFFECT
1. Define cause and effect and its linear relationship.
2. Discuss the causal analysis and causal chains.

PART VI. EXPLANATION OR DISCUSSION

3. Define explanation or discussion as part of paragraph development.

PART VII. CLASSIFICATION

4. Define classification.
5. Discuss the role of classification in paragraph development.
I. DEFINITION
The topic is developed by defining a term connected to the
topic.

a. Defining a term may be divided into three parts namely:

1. Term – which is the word to be defined;

2. Genus – where the term belongs and can be classified.

3. Differentia or differentiation – which includes the

remaining parts and others information revolving on the
term that is defined. It also states the factor that
distinguishes an entity, state, or class from another; a
characteristic or trait distinguishing a species from other
species of the same genus.
I. DEFINITION
I. Definition
b. It is the method of trying to understand the
meaning of a word or an expression. It is
analyzing, delineating, exploring, and
discovering the different aspects of a particular
concept. It is also knowing what concepts are
associated with a word and what are not,
what is it like, what are its causes and effects,
and what are some examples of it. The two(2)
important concepts most often associated with
defining are denotation and connotation.
I. Definition
1. Denotation – is the primary, explicit, or
literal definition of a word. It is the meaning
of a word based on a dictionary.

2. Connotation – is the secondary meaning of a

word. It is not necessarily included in the
dictionary, rather, it is how people understand
a word based on their own personal
or consensual experiences and not based on a
dictionary.
I. Definition

Example:
Denotation:
Rose is any of a genus (Rosa of the family
Rosaceae, the rose family) of
usually prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves and
showy flowers having five
(5) petals in the wild state but being often
double or partially double under
cultivation.
I. Definition

Connotation:
A bouquet of roses is usually what a person
gives to his/her beloved one. Beyond
its scientific name, a rose can also connote
love and romance.
II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION
AND EXEMPLIFICATION
a. This is the method that illustrates the idea
being developed. The statement that gives
example helps reinforce the statement or makes
the ideas clear.
II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION
AND EXEMPLIFICATION

b. Exemplification is the method of listing,

enumerating, and giving examples to
elaborate a topic or a subject. This is useful in
discussing complex topics by listing subtopics
that are considered familiar to the target readers.
Exemplification can also provide specifics
instances to support a claim.
 II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION
AND EXEMPLIFICATION

The following are some techniques that you can use

to establish credibility in your arguments.
1. Visual illustrations – It appeals to the sense of sight. Since
eyesight is given primacy over the other human senses, making it the
foremost used sense among the five senses, you can use visual
illustrations to concretize abstract concepts like poverty. In case of
poverty, you can show pictures of beggars on the streets knocking on
car windows when the traffic light is red, of malnourished people in
rundown houses, or of tall commercials and residential buildings
juxtaposed with a multitude of shanties cramped so closely together
that even motorists would have a hard time passing through.
II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION
AND EXEMPLIFICATION

The following are some techniques that you can use

to establish credibility in your arguments.

2. Facts – These are concepts, ideas, and

statements that are generally assumed to be true,
real, and/or existing. Facts given as examples are
useful in supporting your point as most people
accept these facts as already a part of reality that
they are almost always uncontested.
II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION
AND EXEMPLIFICATION

The following are some techniques that you can use

to establish credibility in your arguments.

3. Anecdotes – These are brief narratives within a

piece of writing. They don't necessarily
serve as the focus, rather, as supporting points or
claims that explain or elaborate the
author's intended argument.
II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION
AND EXEMPLIFICATION

The following are some techniques that you can use

to establish credibility in your arguments.

4. Details – It entails analyzing. Analyzing is the

process of breaking down a concept or
idea into its constituent parts. When enumerating
details, you are zooming in your focus
on the minute parts, as opposed to zooming out
when you see the big picture.
II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION
AND EXEMPLIFICATION

The following are some techniques that you can use

to establish credibility in your arguments.

5. Opinions – As opposed to facts, opinions are

individual interpretations of people certain events,
situations, ideas, and/or concepts, opinions naturally vary
from one person to another due to people's different
backgrounds and personalities. While not as pertinent
support as facts, opinions can still have the power to make
a claim well-founded as these are the first-hand reactions
or reviews from people.
II. EXAMPLE, ILLUSTRATION
AND EXEMPLIFICATION

The following are some techniques that you can use

to establish credibility in your arguments.

6. Observations – Similar to describing,

observations also make use of description –
appealing to the five (5) human senses.
Observations can be done anytime. All you need
are your five (5) senses and nothing more.
III. PERSUASION

a. Persuasion is always coupled with

argumentation. Argumentation
makes use of these three (3) appeals
to strengthen its claim:

1. Logos – or appealing to the

audience's logic, i.e., when you argue,
you use facts, well-supported and well-
developed claims to support and argue.
III. PERSUASION

2. Pathos – or appealing to the

audience's emotions.
III. PERSUASION

3. Ethos – the appeal to credibility.

Having ethos means that, as a source of
information, you are credible,
reputable, and respectable. You build
your reputation through honesty
and sound judgment.
III. PERSUASION

b. When in the position of defending a

stance, keep in mind that you have to
cater to three (3) types of audience.
These types are supportive,
wavering, and hostile audience.
III. PERSUASION

1. Supportive audience

• Means you have spectators who are already

briefed on the issue and hand.

• You no longer need to tackle the nitty-

gritty of your topic since your audience is
already informed.

• You can assume that there is a big possibility

that they will side with your claims and
arguments; hence, they are supportive.
III. PERSUASION

• Logos is not much needed in this

kind of situation. Instead, maximize
your pathos to drive your point
home.
III. PERSUASION

2. Wavering audience

• Means you have spectators who are not

readily accepting yours ideas.

• They may listen to you but that does not

necessarily mean they automatically
believe what you are saying.

• Unlike with your supportive audience, brief

the wavering audience with the issue at
hand.
III. PERSUASION
• Make use of your logos to win their
support. And since your audience's
belief in you is wavering, you may
want to build up your ethos as well.

• Establish yourself as a credible,

reputable, and respectable source of
information.
III. PERSUASION
3. Hostile audience

• This type of audience is the most difficult to

please and to win.

• You can even assume that they represent

the opposing stance of the issue you are
about to tackle.

• Make no mistake in your claims and

arguments as your audience not only is hard
to please, but also averse to your side of the
story.
III. PERSUASION

• Lessen the use of pathos on this type

of audience as it is quite difficult to do
so given that they are antagonistic.

• Stick to your logos as you have a good

chance of being somewhat believed –
but not necessarily sided with – by the
hostile audience
IV. ANALOGY, COMPARISON
AND CONTRAST
a. Analogy for citing similarities; Contrast for citing
differences of either object to make the idea clear;
and Comparison for comparing object or idea to
another by pointing out similarities and
differences.

b. Writers opt to use comparison and contrast when

they want to do an unbiased discussion or give an
attempt to persuade a reader into believing
particular perspectives about the world we live in.
IV. ANALOGY, COMPARISON
AND CONTRAST
1. Analogy – is a common technique that
writers use to demonstrate comparison and
contrast. It delves beneath the surface
differences of at least two (2) subjects exposed
unperceived and unsuspecting similarities and/or
differences. It is often used when a foreign or
abstract concept is compared with a much more
tangible or more familiar term for readers to
better understand the author's intended meaning.
IV. ANALOGY, COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

2. Simile and Metaphor – Simile

is done when there is a direct
comparison between or our
objects. Expressions with Similes
are always done with the use of
the words like and as. As opposed
to a Simile, a Metaphor is done
when there is an indirect
comparison between or among
objects.
IV. ANALOGY, COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
3. Oxymoron – happens when
two (2) seemingly opposite terms
are juxtaposed net to or near –
each other in a single expression.

4. Personification – is done when

non-humans are assigned
human characteristics and/or
actions
V. CAUSE AND EFFECT
a. This is usually adopted in dealing with
events or issues. Here you may present the
causes towards the effects or begin with the
effects and proceed towards causes. You
may not have an expressed topic sentence
when you use this method of paragraph
development.
V. CAUSE AND EFFECT
• b. Causal analysis means identifying the causes and effects of a
particular situation, event, or phenomenon.

• A cause is what prompted something to happen and an effect is what

was yielded after something else took place.

• One practical application of Causal analysis as a mode of paragraph

development is a problem-solution type of paper.

• The problem is usually the cause and the solution is the effect.
V. CAUSE AND EFFECT
• In other instances, the problem
could also be the effect of another
event and/or the solution could be
the cause if another.

• In either case the situation can result

in a causal chain in which the multiple
sets of causes and effects are somehow
connected to each other.
 V. CAUSE AND EFFECT
• Causal chains are common in an essay that uses
causal analysis as one of its modes of paragraph
development.

• They are the paths of influence running from a root

cause to problem symptoms. Each link in the chain
represents something in the real world. And one end
of the chain is the root cause.

• At the other end are the symptoms it causes. The

many links between the two (2) ends are the
intermediate causes.
 V. CAUSE AND EFFECT
• However, it is important to identify first the
primary and secondary causes and effects of
the situation. This is to maintain order and
coherence in your essay, and also to avoid
losing focus.
 VI. EXPLANATION OR DISCUSSION

a. This aims at the reader's

understanding. This has a variety of
functions: giving directions,
explaining a process, comparing
or contrasting two (2) objects or
ideas, interpreting a statement or
explaining a theory.
VI. EXPLANATION OR DISCUSSION
VII. CLASSIFICATION
a. This is done by grouping items
into categories, such as
characteristics, types, factors, and
other classes or divisions. A
classification paragraph describes
various classes related to
one category of things. The
paragraph's main subject appears in
the paragraph's topic sentence.
VII. CLASSIFICATION
b. When dealing with complex and
messy topics, authors turn to the mode of
paragraphs development of classification
and division to create an air of
systematization and order in
their writing. Division works hand-in-
hand with analysis, wherein one breaks
down a concept into its constituent parts.
Classification entails categorization
which enables one to group together
items according to their similarities.
VII. CLASSIFICATION
Consider these following principles to make your writing
more orderly and systematized:

1. Consistency
It is characterized by having parallel similarities in the
divisions you make in yours writing.
2. Exclusiveness
It means there is no overlapping between or among the
items divided and classified
together.
3. Completeness
It means that no important part is omitted from the
writing.