Design of

Steel Structures
Limit States Method
N. Subramanian

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 Chapter 1
Materials, Structures
and Specifications
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Comparison of Structural Materials

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Comparison of Structural Materials

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Comparison of Structural Materials

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Types of Furnaces

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Types of Furnaces

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Steel Manufacturing Process

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Steel Manufacturing Process

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Locations of Integrated Steel Plants

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Crystalline Structure of Materials

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Structure of Steel

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Heat Treatment of Steel

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IS Standards Related to Structural Steel

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Chemical Composition of Steel

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Tensile Strength

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Stress-strain Curves of Structural Steel

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Mechanical Properties of Structural
Steel

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Mechanical Properties of Structural
Steel

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Parameters that Influence Yield Stress

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Parameters that Influence Yield Stress

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Inelastic Cyclic Response

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Characteristic Strength

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Toughness of Steel

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Toughness of Steel

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Toughness of Steel

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Lamellar Tearing

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Lamellar Tearing

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Lamellar Tearing

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 Hardness

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Residual Stress

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Residual Stress

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Residual Stress

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Residual Stress

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Cold Working and Strain Hardening

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Structural Steel Products

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Structural Steel Products

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Structural Steel Products

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Stepped Section Steel Angles

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Wide Flange Sections

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Tapered Washer

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Welded and Hybrid Sections

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Welded and Hybrid Sections

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 Cellular Beams

FIG. 1.35 Cellular beams over Rangers FC, an

indoor training facility in Scotland
Courtesy: ASD Westok Ltd, UK
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Hollow Steel Sections

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Flow Drill and Hollo Bolt Systems

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Cold-formed Steel Sections

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Case Study: High Performance Steel Bridges

•HPS results in reduced welding process requirements, less susceptibility to hydrogen–

induced cracking, and reduced fabrication costs
• HPS toughness is significantly higher, due to lower carbon and sulfur levels of HPS.
Thus HPS members are more resistant to fatigue and fracture.
•The number of girders per span can be decreased, reducing weight of the
superstructure & costs of design, detailing, fabrication, erection, and inspection.
•HPS provides high corrosion resistance
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High Performance Steel

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High Performance Steel

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Stainless Steel

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Stainless Steel

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 Cloud Gate or The Bean

Cloud Gate or The Bean, at Millennium Park, Chicago, Illinois, is a stainless steel 10 m × 13
m × 20 m sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor, which opened in 2006. The
outer shell comprises 168 stainless steel panels, each 10 mm thick. It received the
American Welding Society’s Extraordinary Welding Award
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India’s First Stainless Steel Double Layer Grid

Fig. 1.40 Stainless steel double-layer grid roof at Hissar, Haryana, designed by
the author

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 Advantages of Using Steel
• High Strength
•High Ductility
•Uniformity
•Environment Friendly
•Versatility
•Prefabrication
•Permanence
• Easy Additions to Existing Structures
•Least disturbance to the community
•Fracture toughness
•Elasticity

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Disadvantages of Using Steel

•Maintenance costs
•Fireproofing costs
•Susceptibility to buckling
•Fatigue

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Types of Steel Structure

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Types of Steel Structure

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 Types of Steel Structures

(a) Beijing National Stadium also known as Bird's Nest, built for 2008 Summer
Olympics in Beijing, China is the world's largest steel structure. This 91,000-seat
stadium was designed by Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron, ArupSport and China
Architectural Design & Research Group. It is 330 m long, 220 m wide, 69.2 m tall, and
contains 110,000 tonnes of steel

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 Types of Steel Structures

(b) Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, having a main span of 1280 m, is one of the
longest suspension bridges in the world (Photo by Karthik Muthusamy)
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Types of Steel Structures

(c) 411 m tall Empire State Building, New

York, USA, built in 1931, which remained
the world’s tallest building for 40 years

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 Types of Steel Structures

(d) A typical pre-engineered building. They are adopted for low-rise

buildings with eave height of up to 30 m and can be very economical and
speedy
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 Types of Steel Structures

(e) Transmission line towers

(f) Steel elevated water tanks are used to
are often made of steel
store water and provide pressure in the water
angles and bolted at site
distribution system.
(Photo by Binod Therat)
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Structural Members

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 Aesthetics

Guggenheim museum, Bilbao, Spain designed by Architect Frank O.

Gehry
Courtesy: Emilio I. Panizo
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Composite Construction

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 Conclusion
Structural steel has several advantages over other competing
materials such as concrete and wood.

The important properties of structural steel are its ultimate and

yield stress, ductility, toughness and weldability.

 The yield stress, as measured by the tension coupons, is affected

by several factors, such as the rate of loading and position from
where the test coupons are taken.

Variation in material properties can be incorporated in the

design by the concept of characteristic strength.

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 Conclusion
A satisfactory performance against brittle fracture can be expected if
the Charpy impact toughness exceeds 27 J at the lowest working
temperature

One should avoid severe stress raisers to achieve smooth stress flow

Fatigue has to be checked in crane supporting structures, bridges, and

structures supporting rotating machinery.

Residual stresses and stress concentration effects should be properly

accounted for in the design.

Though the cost of high-strength steel may be 10–20% higher, its use
may result in reduction in steel weight and subsequent foundation cost.
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 Conclusion
Ductility and toughness are very important when a steel structure is
subjected to earthquake loads or impact loads.

Other special types of steels, such as stainless steel are also available

Different types of structures are possible

 Different types of sections can be used (circular, I, angle, channel,

hollow sections, etc.)

Different types of members may be designed (compression, tension,

bending)

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