ARCHITECTURE

C h a r l e n e
G a l l o

WHAT IS
ARCHITECTURE?
• Architecture from Latin architectura, from Ancient
Greek arkhitéktōn.
• Arkhi means 'chief', and téktōn means 'creator‘, is
both the process and the product of sketching,
conceiving, planning, designing,
and constructing buildings or other structures
Architectural works, in the material form of buildings,
are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of
art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their
surviving architectural achievements.

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 ARCHITECTURE
ARCHITECT
An architect is a creative professional
who creates buildings to enclose private,
public, or commercial spaces. To fulfill
the requirements of their clients,
architects work within the constraints of
a project budget with construction
technology, building materials, terrain,
contractors, and regulatory regulations.

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 Philosophy Of Architecture
The philosophy of architecture is a
branch of Philosophy of Art, dealing with
aesthetic value of architecture,
its Semantics and in relation with
development of culture.
Many philosophers and theoreticians
from Plato to Michel Foucault, Gilles
Deleuze, Robert Venturi and Ludwig
Wittgenstein have concerned themselves
with the nature of architecture and
whether or not architecture is
distinguished from building.

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 Historic Treatises
"A good building should satisfy the
principles of firmilatis utilities
venustatis.
Or "Firmitas utilitas venustas" The
founding principles of architecture, as
described by the Roman Architect,
writer and engineer Vitruvius in his
book De Architectura (On Architecture)
Firmitas (Firmness, Durability)
Utilitas (Commodity, Utility)
Venustas (Delight, Beauty) De Architectura by
“The architect should strive to fulfill each of Marcus Vitruvius
Pollio
"Firmitas utilitas venustas as well as
possible.”
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Historic Treatises
According to Vitruvius,
Leon Battista Alberti, who
elaborates on the ideas of
Vitruvius in his treatise, De re
aedificatoria, saw beauty
primarily as a matter of
p r o p o For
r t iAlberti,
o n , athe
l trules
h o uofgproportion
h o r n awerement
those thatagoverned
l s o p lthe
a yidealized
e d a human
p a r t .figure,
the Golden mean. The most important aspect of
beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, De re aedificatoria
rather than something applied superficially, and was by Leon Battista
based on universal, recognizable truths. Alberti

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 The notion of style in the arts was
not developed until the 16th
century, with the writing
of Giorgio Vasari. By the 18th
century, his Lives of the Most
Excellent Painters, Sculptors,
and Architects or simply known
as “The Lives” had been
translated into Italian, French,
Spanish, and English.

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 Historic Treatises
In the 16th century, Italian
Mannerist Architect,
painter and
theorist Sebastiano
Serlio wrote
Tutte L'Opere
D'Architettura et
Prospetiva (Complete
Works on Architecture
and Perspective). This
treatise exerted immense
influence throughout
Palace of Fontainebleau
Europe, being the first
handbook that emphasized
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the practical rather than
 In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby
Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the
title suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial
world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image
of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin
believed, was the only "true Christian form of
architecture."

Iconic clock tower,

later renamed the
Elizabeth Tower, which
houses the bell known
as Big Ben.
Palace of Westminster
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 On the difference between the ideals
of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-
century architect Le Corbusier wrote:
"You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these
materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction.
Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do
me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Charles-Édouard
Architecture". Jeanneret

Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said

"Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks
together. There it begins.”

Ludwig Mies van der

Rohe
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Modern Concepts
The notable 19th-century architect of
skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an
overriding precept to architectural design: "Form
follows function".
While the notion that structural and
aesthetic considerations should be entirely
subject to functionality was met with both
popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of
introducing the concept of "function" in place
of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen
as encompassing all criteria of the use,
perception and enjoyment of a building, not only
practical but also aesthetic, psychological and
cultural.
The Wainwright Building
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 Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects
and their approach to building design
are Rationalism, Empiricism, Structuralism, Poststructuralism,
Deconstruction and Phenomenology.
In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those
included in the compass of both structure and function, the
consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable
architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building
should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally
friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact
upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area
and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power
sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management,
and lighting.
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ARCHITECTURAL MATERIALS
• STONE
• WOOD
• CONCRETE
• IRON
• STEEL

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 ELEMENTS
• Scale refers to a building’s size in • Lines can be used to imply
relation to its surroundings and movement and to direct the
viewer’s eye around the
other objects, including the human
structure’s composition.
body.
• Balance in architecture is to • Ornament refers to a building’s
examine a building’s decoration.
symmetry.

• Light any analysis of • Rhythm refers to the alternation

architecture should always of solids and voids on a structure.
comment on the use of light

• Color is used in architecture • Space can affect your emotional

it can have an emotional effect experience of a site; it is
on the viewer. intangible, yet we know when we
feel cramped or swallowed by
• Texture is the surface quality space.
of an object

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EVOLUTION AND TYPES OF
ARCHITECTURE
ORIGIN AND VERNACULAR
ARCHITECTURE
Building first evolved out of the
In Norway: wood and
dynamics between needs (shelter, elevated-level
security, worship, etc.) and means
(available building materials and In Lesotho: Rondavel stones

attendant skills). As human cultures

developed and knowledge began to
be formalized through oral traditions
and practices, building became
a craft, and "architecture" is the In Ireland: Yola hut

name given to the most highly

formalized and respected versions of In Romania: peasant houses

that craft. 16
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PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
Early human settlements were mostly rural. Hence, Expending
economies resulted in the creation of urban areas which in some
cases grew and evolved very rapidly, such as:

Jericho is claimed to be the oldest neolithic settlement city in

the world dating perhaps from about 9000 BCE., located at the
western edge of the Jordan Valley and it is also the city with the
oldest known protective wall. Copious springs in and around the
city have attracted human habitation for thousands of years.
Jericho is described in the Bible as the "city of palm trees".

Çatalhöyük is a tell of a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic

proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from
approximately 7500 BC to 6400 BC, and flourished around 7000
BC. In July 2012, it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage
Site.

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Göbekli Tepe or literally "Potbelly Hill“

is a Neolithic archaeological site in
the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey.
Dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, Between
9500 and 8000 BCE, the site comprises a
number of large circular structures supported by
massive stone pillars, the world's oldest
known megaliths. Many of these pillars are
richly decorated with
abstract anthropomorphic details, clothing, and
reliefs of wild animals, providing archaeologists
rare insights into prehistoric religion and the
particular iconography of the period.
The site's original excavator, German
archaeologist Klaus Schmidt, described it as the
"World's First Temple“
It was deisgnated a UNESCO WORLD
HERITAGE SITE
inAdd
2018.
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 Mehrgarh a Neolithic archaeological site dated
7000 BCE – 2500/2000 BCE situated on
the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan in Pakistan.

Earliest known sites that shows evidence of

farming and herding in South Asia.

Mehrgarh was excavated continuously

between 1974 and 1986, and again from
1997 to 2000.

Discovered in 1974 by an archaeological

team led by the French archaeologists Jean-
François Jarrige and his wife, Catherine
Jarrige
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The Knap of Howar on the island

of Papa Westray in Orkney, Scotland is
a Neolithic farmstead which may be the
oldest preserved stone house in northern
Europe.
Radiocarbon dating shows that it was occupied
from 3700 BC to 2800 BC, earlier than the similar houses
in the settlement at Skara Brae on the Orkney Mainland

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SKARA BRAE
Is a stone-built Neolithic settlement, located on the Bay of
Skaill on the west coast of Mainland, the largest island in
the Orkney archipelago of Scotland.

• The site was occupied from roughly 3180 BC to about 2500

BC and is Europe's most complete Neolithic village.
• Skara Brae gained UNESCO World Heritage Site status as
one of four sites making up "The Heart of Neolithic
Orkney".
• Older than Stonehenge and the Great Pyramids of Giza, it
has been called the "Scottish Pompeii" because of its
excellent preservation.

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Mohenjo Daro of the Mohenjo-daro meaning 'Mound of the Dead
Indus Valley Civilization in Men.
modern-day Pakistan. It is an archaeological site in the province
of Sindh, Pakistan.
Built around 2500 BCE, it was the largest
settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation,
and one of the world's earliest major cities.
Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century
BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and
the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s.
Significant excavation has since been conducted at
the site of the city, which was designated
a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980, the first
site in South Asia to be so designated. The site is
currently threatened by erosion and improper
restoration.
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Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Ancient Egyptian
architecture is not one style, but a
set of styles differing over time but
with some commonalities.

The best known example of ancient Egyptian

architecture are the Egyptian pyramids, while
excavated temples, palaces, tombs, and
fortresses have also been studied.

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The Great Pyramid of Giza is

the largest Egyptian pyramid and
the tomb of Fourth Dynasty
pharaoh Khufu. Built in the early
26th century BC during a period
of around 27 years, the pyramid
Pyramid of Giza
is the oldest of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World,
and the only one to remain
largely intact.
Was built by quarrying an estimated 2.3 million
large blocks weighing 6 million tonnes in total

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Great Sphinx of Giza 24
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Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Characteristics
Due to the scarcity of wood, the two
predominant building materials used in
ancient Egypt were sun baked mud
brick and stone, mainly limestone, but
also sandstone and granite in considerable
quantities.

From the Old Kingdom onward, stone was generally reserved

for tombs and temples, while bricks were used even for royal palaces,
fortresses, the walls of temple precincts and towns, and for subsidiary
buildings in temple complexes. The core of the pyramids consisted of locally
quarried stone, mud bricks, sand or gravel. For the casing, stones were used
that had to be transported from farther away, predominantly white limestone
from Tura and red granite from upper Egypt.
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The dry, hot climate of Egypt preserved some mud brick structures.
Examples include the village Deir al-Madinah , the Middle Kingdom
town at Kahun , and the fortresses at Buhen and Mirgissa . Also,
many temples and tombs have survived because they were built on high
ground unaffected by the Nile flood and were constructed of stone.

Also, many temples and tombs have survived because they were built on high ground
unaffected by the Nile flood and were constructed of stone

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FOURTH DYNASTY THE GOLDEN AGE
Use Of The Arch Was Developed.
Vertical curved structure that spans an elevated
space and may or may not support the weight above
it, or in case of a horizontal arch like an arch dam,
the hydrostatic pressure against it.

All monumental buildings are post and

lintel constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge
stone blocks supported by the external walls and the
closely spaced columns.

Post and Lintel is a building system where strong

horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical
elements with large spaces between them.

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COLUMNS
As early as 2600 BC the architect Imhotep made use of stone columns whose
surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds,
like papyrus, lotus and palm.
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Ancient Greek Architecture

Came from the Greek-speaking people (Hellenic people)
whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean
Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC
until the 1st century AD, with the earliest remaining architectural works dating
from around 600 BC.
Ancient Greek architecture is best known from its temples

The Parthenon
The second important
type of building that
survives all over the
Hellenic world is
the Open-air
Theatre, with the
earliest dating from
around 525–480 BC

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Ancient Greek Division Of Architectural
Style Into Three Defined Orders
1. The Doric Order
The Doric is most easily recognized by
the simple circular capitals at the top
of columns

2. The Ionic Order

The Ionic capital is characterized by the
use of volutes.

3. The Corinthian Order

With its offshoot the Composite, is the
most ornate of the orders.

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The architecture and urbanism of the Classical

civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved
from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones
and new building types emerged. As the Architectural
"style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
Roman architecture was influenced by Greek
architecture as they incorporated many Greek elements
into their building practices.
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient
times. These texts provided both general advice and
specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples
of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century
BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most
important early examples of canonic architecture are
religious

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 ARCHITECTURE OF MESOPOTAMIA
ARCHITECTURE OF MESOPOTAMIA
The Architecture of Mesopotamia is ancient architecture of the
region of the Tigris–Euphrates river system (also known
as Mesopotamia), encompassing several distinct cultures and spanning
a period from the 10th millennium BC (when the first permanent
structures were built) to the 6th century BC.

Among the Mesopotamian architectural

accomplishments are the development
of urban planning, the courtyard house,
and ziggurats. No architectural profession
existed in Mesopotamia; however, scribes
drafted and managed construction for the
government, nobility, or royalty. The Great Ziggurat at Ur

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Romanesque
Approximate Time Period: 6th-11th centuries CE
The stone castles and monasteries of Medieval Europe
(and Monty Python) represent the Romanesque style.
The massive walls and narrow windows were developed
in a time of constant warfare, so decorations were often
sparse: Survival was the ultimate objective.
Characteristics:
•Fortified walls
•Rounded arch windows with narrow openings, often in
repeating rows
•Flat buttresses
•Wooden roofs
Famous Examples: Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi,
Castle Rising, Conisbrough Castle, Cluny Abbey

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EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE 34
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Gothic
Approximate Time Period: 12th century CE – 16th century CE
The Gothic Style followed right on the heels of the Romanesque
in the 12th century CE, and they share many similarities,
including stone walls and arched windows. Gothic style,
however, is more intricate and buildings feature an irregular
profile. Look for pointed arches in the Gothic style and round
for Romanesque.
Characteristics:
•Pointed arches
•Ribbed vault ceilings
•Flying buttresses
•Stained glass (Rose window)
Famous Examples: Notre Dame de Paris, Reims Cathedral,
Salisbury Cathedral

EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE 35
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Renaissance
Approximate Time Period: 14th century CE –
16th Century CE
Just as Renaissance artists turned to classical Greek
and Roman history for painted inspiration, the era’s
architects brought back antiquity in their building
projects. The complex proportions of Gothic
buildings were scrapped in favor of simple, clean
lines. Look for symmetry on a vertical axis.
Characteristics:
•Bringing back the Roman and Greek columns,
domes, semi circle arches, tunnels
Palazzo Farnese, Dome of St.
•Basic design elements of order and proportion
Peter’s Basilica
•Windows in pairs

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EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE 36
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Baroque
Approximate Time Period: late 16th Century CE –
late 18th Century CE
Decoration. The Baroque style was all about showcasing
finer details, a push away from the simplicity of
Renaissance buildings and, politically, from the plain-
tastes of the Protestant reformation.
Characteristics:
•Elaborate ornamentation
•Curving forms and oval windows
•Contrast in lighting
•Twisting elements
•Gilded statues
Famous Examples: Palace of Versailles, Les Invalides,
Plaza Mayor of Madrid, Trevi Fountain

EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE 37
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Approximate Time Period: 1500-1560 CE

This is the final architectural style from the European
Medieval period. It is particularly associated with England,
as the style prospered during the Tudor dynasty, and the
cottages and castles of the period are instantly recognizable.
Characteristics:
For the wealthy – Brick and stone masonry, large glass
windows, tall brick chimneys, gilt detailing, elaborate
doorways
For the common folk – Steeply pitched roof with slate
thatching, timber beams, diamond shaped panes in the
windows
Famous Examples: Hampton Court Palace (home of
Henry VIII), Anne Hathaway’s home in
Stratford-Upon-Avon
EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE 38
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Asia is made up of 48 countries: all the unique methods of construction &

architecture, mostly influenced by ancient religions such as Buddhism,
Hinduism and Islam.

As Silk Road trade routes flourished and allowed for cultural exchange
between countries, these methods of constructing temples, mosques and
sanctuaries gradually spread.

Some ideologies have been more influential than others, which explains why we
see lots of Buddhist architecture originating in India spreading to far-flung places
like Korea, Japan, Cambodia, Indonesia … each with its twist on the original
concept.

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ASIAN ARCHITECTURE 39
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Chinese Traditional Architecture
Chinese architecture is influenced by a multitude of ancient philosophical ideas
like Wuxing (five elements), Yin and Yang (dualism) and Feng shui (harmonising
energies with the surrounding environment).
A balanced appearance is very important as it symbolizes harmony – oftentimes
elements are arranged to achieve symmetry in all aspects.

The quintessential Chinese traditional architecture is defined by populations that

resided in large plains where large scale agriculture was possible, hence earth and
brickwork were significantly used.

China later adopted widespread use of bricks due to significant growth of its cities, with much fewer
trees relative to the population – as well as the higher load capacity of brick that allowed them to build
larger compounds. Larger compounds are often inhabited by more prominent families and was thus a
signifier of prestige.

ASIAN ARCHITECTURE
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Islamic Architecture
Muslims do not require a building or consecrated place to
worship, but rather Islam is based on five ‘pillars’ and the
most important being the five daily prayers performed
while facing Mecca.

Minaret & domes can be seen in Putra mosque in Putrajaya, Malaysia

While being influenced by Chinese and Mughal architecture, it developed some of its key
characteristics:
•Minaret: a tall, slender tower situated at one of the corners of the mosque symbolising the calling of
the faithful to prayer
•Domes: hemispherical or even onion-shaped domes
•Prayer hall (musalla): absent of any furniture and the walls do not contain images of people,
animals and spiritual figures; only Arabic calligraphy and verses from Qur’an are allowed
•Qibla wall: set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca, where prayers are held facing
•Ablution fountains and areas for washing: worshippers are required to wash their hands and feet
before entry.

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ASIAN ARCHITECTURE 41
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Philippine Architecture
The architecture of the Philippines (Filipino: Arkitekturang Pilipino) reflects the
historical and cultural traditions in the country. Most prominent historic structures in the
archipelago are influenced by Austronesian, Chinese, Spanish, and American architectures.
Pre-Hispanic Era
The earliest record of Pre-Hispanic architecture in the Philippines are
caves and rock shelters like the Tabon Cave in Palawan. Various tools
were later on invented and then used in building tent-like shelters and tree
houses.
These shelters were predominantly rectangular in shape with thatched
roofs and standing on stilts so that the whole structure may be lifted and
transported to a new site since early Filipinos constantly travel to look for
food. Examples of these shelters are bahay kubo, Ifugao house, Bontoc
house, Badjao house, Torogan house, and Isneg house.
Mosques shaped like Pagodas and with Japanese and Chinese influences
emerged when Islam was established in Sulu.

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THANK YOU!

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