ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE THEORY

Sub Code:EC2102-1
Credits: 3

Anupama.B
Assistant
Professor
Dept. of ECE
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NMAMIT, Nitte
 Unit 1 - Textbook
William H. Hayt and John A Buck, “Engineering Electromagnetics”,
Tata McGraw –Hill, 7th Edition, 2006

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Pre-requisites
• Scalar quantities
• Vector quantities
• Vector algebra
• Coordinate systems
• Electric field
• Magnetic field

Field – combination of electric and magnetic fields

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Course Objectives
• Understand the behavior of static electric field and basic laws govern the
Electrostatic and steady magnetic fields.

• Understand the behavior and basic laws of Time Varying field and Learn Wave
propagation in lossy and lossless medium.

• Understand characteristics and wave propagation on transmission lines and

Learn Standing waves on Transmission line.

• Demonstrate Construction and Application of Smith Chart as impedance chart.

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Course Outcomes

• Explain and derive basic laws of Electromagnetics pertaining to

electrostatic fields.
• Explain and derive basic laws of Electromagnetics pertaining to steady
magnetic fields.
• Explain concept of time varying fields and derive basic laws pertaining
to Time varying fields
• Explain Wave propagation in lossy and lossless Medium.
• Demonstrate the Application of Smith Chart as an impedance chart.

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Course Content

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Course Content

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Materials

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Electric Field

• Produced by stationary charges – static electric field

• Vector field surrounding an electric charge
• The electric field is radially outward from a positive charge
• Radially in toward a negative point charge

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Magnetic Field

• Produced by moving charges (current)

• Vector field
• No cross-over
• No starting and end points

MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging 10

Electromagnetic Fields and Wave

https://sureshemre.wordpress.com/2014/04/27/is-there-a-pha
se-difference-between-electric-and-magnetic-field-oscillations-
of-an-electromagnetic-wave/
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Electromagnetic Fields and Wave

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Electromagnetic Fields and Wave

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UNIT I

• Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity

- Introduction to vector calculus
- Experimental law of Coulomb
- Electric field intensity
- Field due to continuous volume charge distribution
- Field of a line charge
• Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law and Divergence
- Electric flux density
- Gauss’ law, Divergence
- Maxwell’s first equation
- Vector operator and divergence theorem

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Unit I - Introduction to Vector Calculus

• Two types of quantities

- Scalars
- Vectors

• Scalars quantities – magnitude only

• Vector quantities – magnitude and direction

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 Unit I - Introduction to Vector Calculus

• Scalar quantities: A quantity characterized by a positive or negative

number
– Indicated by letters in italic such as A or a

• Vector quantities: how much as well as which way

• Represented by an arrow
 Scalar quantity Vector quantity
- Indicted by A or A Voltage Force
 Distance Displacement
- Magnitude A Speed Velocity
Time Acceleration

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 Unit I

Vector Representation

Vector Magnitude
Vector Designation 50 N
A Head

Tail

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 Unit I

Vector Addition

• Follows the parallelogram law

• Vector quantities of the same kind whose directions are the same -
arithmetic method.

E.g.: Driving north for 5 km and then drive north for 3 more km -
traveled 8 km north.

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 Unit I

Vector Addition

• Follows the parallelogram law

• Tail-to-tip method

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 Unit I

Vector Addition

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 Unit I

Vector Addition

• Obeys commutative law

A+B=B+A

• Obeys Associative law

A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

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 Unit I

Vector Subtraction

• Special case of addition

• Define the negative of a vector, which has the same magnitude but
points in the opposite direction

• Add the negative vector

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 Unit I

Vector Operation

Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar

• Product of Vector (A) and Scalar (b) = bA

• A vector with the same direction as A but with

the magnitude multiplied by the scalar (b)

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 Unit I

Vector Multiplication

Two types:
1. Dot product
2. Cross product
• Dot product: results in scalar quantity
A.B=B.A
• Cross product: results in vector quantity
AXB=-BXA

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 Unit I

Dot Product

Scalar product
A . B = |A||B|cosθ
useful in finding out how much of one vector is projected onto another

 A . B = |A||B|

A.B=0

 A . B = -|A||B|
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 Unit I

Cross Product

Vector product
A X B = |A||B| sinθ
 directed perpendicular to the plane containing A and B

O
A

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 Unit I

Cross Product

Vector product

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 Unit I

Coordinate Systems

• Cartesian coordinate system (Rectangular coordinate systems)

• Cylindrical coordinate system

• Spherical coordinate system

Finding electric field at a point, the position is expressed in terms of coordinates

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 Unit I

The Rectangular Coordinate System

Right-hand thumb rule

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 Unit I

The Rectangular Coordinate System

• Three coordinate axes (X, Y, Z) – three planes

- The XY plane
- The YZ plane
- The XZ plane YZ plane

XZ plane
• Three planes – eight parts called Octants

XY plane

https://www.intmath.com/vectors/3d-space-interactive-applet.
php
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 Unit I

The Rectangular Coordinate System

• Three planes – eight parts called Octants

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 Unit I

The Rectangular Coordinate System

• Dot products

, ….

• Cross products

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 Unit I

The Rectangular Coordinate System

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 Unit I

The Rectangular Coordinate System

• Differential surface units

az
ax
ay

• Differential volume unit

• Differential length

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 Unit I

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

+ y+ z are unit vectors 35

 Unit I

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

Example

=
=2

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 Unit I

Vector Components and Unit Vectors

Example
=
=2

=
= (2 - ()

= ---- vector components

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 Unit I

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

• 3D version of polar coordinate

• Dealing with cables, rotors, etc
• Coordinate axes (ρ, φ, z)

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 Unit I

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

• ρ – radius of an imaginary cylinder

• Φ – azimuthal angle
• Z – distance from xy-plane

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 Unit I

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Differential surface units

• Differential volume unit

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 Unit I

The Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Dot products

• Cross Products

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 Unit I

Relationship – Rectangular and Cylindrical

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 Unit I

The Spherical Coordinate System

• Coordinate axes: (r, θ, φ)

• Radial distance: r
• Azimuthal angle: φ
• Polar angle: θ

https://mathinsight.org/spherical_coordinates 43
 Unit I

The Spherical Coordinate System

https://mathinsight.org/spherical_coordinates 44
 Unit I

The Spherical Coordinate System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDyenWWlPdU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ex_g2w4E5lQ
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 Unit I

The Spherical Coordinate System

• Differential surface units

• Differential volume unit

.

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 Unit I

Relationship – Rectangular and Spherical

Point P has coordinates

Specified by P(r)

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 Unit I

Dot Products – Coordinate Systems

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 Unit I

Conversion – Coordinate Systems

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