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Optimization Strategy

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Tan Yi Ting
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7 views

Optimization Strategy

Uploaded by

Tan Yi Ting
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Optimization Strategy

Objectives

• Meaning of denormalization.
• When to denormalize to improve performance.

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Introduction

• Result of normalization is a design that is structurally


consistent with minimal redundancy.
• However, sometimes a normalized database does not
provide maximum processing efficiency.
• May be necessary to accept loss of some benefits of a
fully normalized design in favor of performance.

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Introduction

• Also consider that denormalization:


– makes implementation more complex;
– often sacrifices flexibility;
– may speed up retrievals but it slows down updates.

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What is Denormalization

• Denormalization refers to a refinement to


relational schema such that the degree of
normalization for a modified relation is less
than the degree of at least one of the original
relations.
• Also use term more loosely to refer to
situations where two relations are combined
into one new relation, which is still normalized
but contains more nulls than original relations.

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When to apply denormalization

• Consider denormalization in following situations,


specifically to speed up frequent or critical
transactions:
– Combining 1:1 relationships
– Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:* relationships to reduce joins
– Duplicating foreign key attributes in 1:* relationships to reduce joins
– Introducing repeating groups
– Partitioning relations

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Sample Relation Diagram

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Sample Relations

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Combining 1:1 relationships

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Combining 1:1 relationships

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Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:*
relationships to reduce joins

SELECT p.*, o.lName


FROM PropertyForRent p, PrivateOwner o
WHERE p.ownerNo = o.ownerNo AND branchNo = ‘B003’;

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Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:* relationships to reduce joins

SELECT p.*
FROM PropertyForRent p
WHERE branchNo = ‘B003’;

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Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:* relationships: Lookup Table

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Duplicating non-key attributes in 1:* relationships: Lookup Table

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Duplicating FK attributes in 1:* relationship to reduce
joins

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Duplicating FK attributes in 1:* relationship to reduce joins

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Introducing repeating groups

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Partitioning relations

• Rather than combining relations together,


alternative approach is to decompose them into
a number of smaller and more manageable
partitions.
• Two main types of partitioning: horizontal and
vertical.

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Partitioning relations

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Advantages and disadvantages of denormalization

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Q&A

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