BCOM GE 201-18

Introduction to Statistics
Unit-1(Statistics)
L4-LESSON 5

Vivek Sharma
 Vivek Sharma

Unit-1( Statistics)
L4- Presentation of Data
Unit-1
L1 –Meaning, Definitions, Features of statistics,
Functions,
Learning Objectives
L2-Importance ,Limitations of Statistics.
1. Classification
L3-Sources of Primary and Secondary data.
2.Tabulation
L4- Presentation of Data and Frequency Distribution
3. Grouped and Ungrouped
L5 – Meaning of Population and Sample, Parameter Data

and Statistics 4. Frequency Distribution

L6- Probability and Non Probability Sampling

Methods
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Classification
Definition:
A process, wherein data is arranged based
on the characteristic under consideration,
into classes, or groups, as per resemblance
of observations.
oClassification puts the data in a condensed
form.
oReduces the large volume of raw data into
homogeneous groups
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Classification types
There are 4 types of Classifications:
oQualitative Classification or Ordinal
Classification
oQuantitative Classification
oChronological or Temporal Classification
oGeographical or Spatial Classification
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Tabulation
It is a systematic arrangement of data in
columns and rows, that represents data in
concise and attractive way
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Differences

Basis for Classification Tabulation

Comparison
Meaning Division on the basis Division into rows
of characteristics and columns in a
table

Order After data collection After classification

Arrangement Attributes and Rows and
variables Columns
Purpose To analyze data To present data
Bifurcates Categories and sub Headings and sub
data categories headings
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Grouped Data vs Ungrouped Data
Collected data can be in two forms:
Un Grouped data
have not been summarized in any way
are also called raw data
E.g. The marks of Students in a class test.
The data range is 95-10=85
10 95
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Grouped Data
Grouped Data:

o have been organized into a frequency

distribution
o The objective is to provide insights about Class IntervalFrequency
the data that cannot be quickly obtained 20-under 30 6
by looking only at the original data. 30-under 40 18
40-under 50 11
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Grouped Data
Grouped Data:

o have been organized into a frequency

distribution
o The objective is to provide insights about Class IntervalFrequency
the data that cannot be quickly obtained 20-under 30 6
by looking only at the original data. 30-under 40 18
40-under 50 11
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Frequency Distribution

A frequency distribution is a tabular

summary of data showing the frequency (or
number) of items in each of several non
overlapping classes.
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Ungrouped to Grouped Data

Guests staying at Marada Inn were

asked to rate the quality of their
accommodations as being excellent, Below Average Average Above Average
above average, average, Above Average Above Average Above Average
below average, or poor. The ratings Above Average Below Average Below Average
provided by a sample of 20 quests are Average Poor Poor
shown Above Average Excellent Above Average
Average Above Average Average
Above Average Average
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Ungrouped to Grouped Data

Ratings Frequency

Poor 2
Below Average 3 Below Average Average Above Average
Average 5 Above Average Above Average
Above Average 9 Above Average Above Average
Excellent 1 Below Average Below Average
Average Poor Poor
Total 20 Above Average Excellent Above Average
Average Above Average Average
Above Average Average
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Interval Valued Distribution

1.The number of classes should be

between 5 and 15.
•Fewer than 5 classes cause excessive
summarization.
•More than 15 classes leave too much
detail.
2.Class Width
• Divide the range by the number of
classes for an approximate class width
•Round up to a convenient number
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Interval Valued Distribution

Sort Raw Data in Ascending Order

12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53,
58
Find Range: 58 - 12 = 46
Select Number of Classes: 5 (usually between 5 and 15) Class IntervalFrequency
Compute Class Interval (width): 10 (46/5 then round up) 20-under 30 6
Determine Class Boundaries (limits): 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 30-under 40 18
60
Compute Class Midpoints: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 40-under 50 11
Count Observations & Assign to Classes 50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Relative Frequency Distribution
The relative frequency of a class is the
fraction or proportion of the total number
of data items belonging to the class.
A relative frequency distribution is a
tabular summary of a set of data showing
the relative frequency for each class.
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Percent Frequency Distribution
The percent frequency of a class is the
relative frequency multiplied by 100.
A percent frequency distribution is a tabular
summary of a set of data showing the percent
frequency for each class.
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Summing up all together

12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41,
43, 44, 46, 53, 58

Class Frequency Relative Percentage

Frequency
10 but under 20 3 0.15 15
20 but under 30 6 0.30 30
30 but under 40 5 0.25 25
40 but under 50 4 0.20 20
50 but under 60 2 0.10 10
Total 20 1 100
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative
Class Interval Frequency Frequency

20-under 30 6 6
30-under 40 18 6+18 = 24
40-under 50 11 24+11 = 35
50-under 60 11 35+11= 46
60-under 70 3 49
70-under 80 1 50
Total 50
 Vivek Sharma

L4- LESSON5 Unit-1( Statistics)

Mail Questionnaire Method

Cumulative
Relative Cumulative Relative
Class IntervalFrequencyFrequency Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 6 .12 6 .12
30-under 40 18 .36 24 .48
40-under 50 11 .22 35 .70
50-under 60 11 .22 46 .92
60-under 70 3 .06 49 .98
70-under 80 1 .02 50 1.00
Total 50 1.00