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Phy 102-1

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15 views

Phy 102-1

Uploaded by

oyeladeojediran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHY 102

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
• A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a net
movement of the particles.
• Waves transfer energy from one place to another but they do not
necessarily transfer any mass.
• Light, sound and waves in the ocean are common examples of waves.

TYPES OF WAVES

 Mechanical waves ---- Sound waves, Water waves and Seismic waves
The energy transported in mechanical waves propagates in the same
direction as the wave.
 It requires material medium to propagates
 Mechanical waves are categorized by their motion
Longitudinal waves

 Longitudinal waves: The medium's displacement is parallel to the direction of


the wave. This means that the particles of the medium move back and forth in
the same direction as the wave is moving. An example is sound waves.

 Transverse waves: The medium’s displacement is perpendicular to the direction


of the wave i.e the particles of the medium move up and down or side to side
while the wave travels horizontally. Light waves are an examples of waves.

 Surface waves: This types of waves travels along the surface or interface
between two media. An example of surface wave would be waves in a pool or in
an ocean, lake or any other type of water.
 What do a cellphone, a radio, and an x-ray machine
have in common?

They all use electromagnetic radiation

 What do you know about electromagnetic radiation?

• What are some of the things in our world that use


electromagnetic radiation?
Waves or Particles?
 Electromagnetic radiation has properties of waves but also can be thought of as
a stream of particles.

Example: Light
• Light as a wave: Light behaves as a transverse wave which we can filter
using polarized lenses.
• Light as particles (photons): When directed at a substance light can
knock electrons off of a substance (Photoelectric effect)
•
Electromagnetic Radiation

● Electromagnetic radiation exists in


waves

Amplitud
● Wavelength is the distance between
waves.
● Amplitude is the height of the waves.

e
● Frequency is the number of waves in a
Wavelengt
section. h
● Period is the amount of time it takes a
wave to occur.
•
Electromagnetic Waves
• Transverse waves without a medium!
• (They can travel through empty space
 When an electric field changes, so does the magnetic field. The changing
magnetic field causes the electric field to change. When one field vibrates—
so does the other.

RESULT-An electromagnetic wave.

•
Maxwell’s Equations and Production of EM Waves

• James Clerk Maxwell – Scottish physicist who showed that electricity and
magnetism together create electromagnetic waves

• Maxwell’s Equations
• Gauss’s Law

• Gauss’s Law for Magnetism


(no magnetic monopoles)

• Faraday’s Law

• Ampere’s Circuit Law


 Electromagnetic waves travel VERY FAST – around 300,000 kilometres per
second (the speed of light).

At this speed they can go around the world 8 times in one second.
• Maxwell predicted that the speed of electromagnetic waves would
be

• Heinrich Hertz was the first scientist to generate and receive EM


waves.
• EM waves can travel through a vacuum or material because E- and B-fields
can exist in both.

• All EM waves travel the same speed in a vacuum.

• Frequency of the wave is determined by the source.


 An EM wave has a frequency of 90.7 MHz. What is the wavelength of this
wave? What type of EM wave is it?

Solution

λ = 3.31 m

Radio wave (FM)


• For EM waves in vacuum

As EM waves travel through other substances, like plastic, it travels slower.

• For all waves


• Electromagnetic Spectrum—name for the range of electromagnetic waves
when placed in order of increasing frequency
RADIO WAVES

Have the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies of all the electromagnetic
waves.
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) measure the time it takes a radio wave to
travel from several satellites to the receiver, determining the distance to each
satellite.
• A radio picks up radio waves through an antenna and converts it to
sound waves.
• Each radio station in an area broadcasts at a different frequency.
• on radio dial tells frequency
• MRI (MAGNETIC RESONACE IMAGING)
• Uses Short wave radio waves with a magnet to create an image.
THANK YOU

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