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Algebraic System-LECT-2

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12 views

Algebraic System-LECT-2

Uploaded by

rohan goud
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

CONTENTS TO BE COVERED

1. Algebraic Systems
2. Semigroups and Monoids
3. Subsemigroups and submonoids
4. Homomorphism of semigroups
5. Groups
6. Subgroups
7. Lagrange’s theorem
8. Cosets & Normal subgroups
RECAP OF CONTENTS
• Algebraic systems & Examples
• Postulates
• Semi groups
• Monoids
• Sub semi groups
• Sub monoids
• Homomorphism of semigroups
CONTENTS
1. Groups
2. Abelian group
3. Finite group
4. Subgroups
5. Lagrange’s theorem
6. Cosets & Normal subgroups
7. Homomorphism of groups
GROUPS
An algebraic system (G, *) is said to be a group if
the following conditions are satisfied.

1) * is a closed operation.

2) * is an associative operation.

3) There is an identity in G.

4) Every element in G has inverse in G


EXAMPLES OF GROUP
1. <Z,+> is a group.
Inverse of a = -a, a+(-a) = 0 a∈ Z
2. < Q,*> is not a group.
Inverse of a=1/a, a*1/a=1

For the rational number zero inverse does not exist.

3.<Q*, *> is a group. 4.<1,-1,i,-i> is a group.

Inverse of a=1/a, a*1/a=1


PROPERTIES OF GROUP
In a Group (G, * ) the following properties hold good
1.The identity element is unique.
2. The inverse of any element in G is unique.
3. The inverse of identity element is its own inverse
(i.e e=e).
4. Cancellation laws hold good
a * b = a * c  b = c (left cancellation law)
a * c = b * c  a = b (Right cancellation law)
5. (a * b) -1 = b-1 * a-1
ABELIAN (COMMUTATIVE) GROUP
Abelian group (Commutative group): A group (G, *) is
said to be abelian (or commutative) if
a * b = b * a a, b  G.
Ex. Show that, the set of all integers is an abelian group
with respect to addition.
• Solution: Let Z = set of all integers.
Let a, b, c are any three elements of Z.
CONTINUATION OF EXAMPLE
1. Closure property : We know that, Sum of two integers
is again an integer.
i.e., a + b  Z  a,bZ
2. Associativity: We know that addition of integers is
associative.
i.e., (a.b).c = a.(b.c) a,b,cZ.
3. Identity : We have 0  Z and a + 0 = a a Z .
 Identity element exists, and ‘0’ is the identity
element.
4. Inverse: To each a  Z , we have – a  Z such that
a+(–a )=0
Each element in Z has an inverse.

5. Commutativity: We know that addition of integers is


commutative.
i.e., a + b = b +a a,b  Z.
Hence, ( Z , + ) is an abelian group.
Ex. If E = { 0,  2,  4,  6, ……}, then the algebraic
structure (E, +) is

• a) a semi group but not a monoid

• b) a monoid but not a group.

• c) a group but not an abelian group.

• d) an abelian group.

Ans: d
HIERARCHY OF ALGEBRAIC SYSTEMS

Abelian groups

Groups

Monoids

Semi groups

Algebraic systems
FINITE GROUP
In a group<G,*>,if number of ellements in G is finite,then it
is called a finite group.
It is denoted by O(G).

Ex: S={0} is a group of order 1 w.r.to addition.

S={1} is a a group of order 1 w.r.to multiplication.

S={1,-1} is a group of order 2 w.r.to multiplication.


CONTENTS TO BE COVERED IN THE NEXT
SESSION
1. Groups
2. Abelian group
3. Finite group
4. Subgroups
5. Lagrange’s theorem
6. Cosets & Normal subgroups
7. Homomorphism of groups

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