MARIA KRISNA M.

PINEDA

WEEK 2
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PARTICULATE
NATURE OF
MATTER
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Learning Targets
At the end of the lesson, the students
must be able to :
1. Describe Lewis structures of molecular compounds

2. Define electronegativity

3. Distinguish polar between non-polar molecules

4. Identify the types of intermolecular forces

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REVIEW
Recall the rules in drawing a Lewis structure and use them to draw the
following molecules:

1. CF4 6. CO2

2. NH3 7. F2

3. H2O 8. XeF4

4. HF 9. SbCl5

5. CH3Cl 10. SF4

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POLARITY
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2 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
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POLARITY OF MOLECULES
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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE
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 POLAR COVALENT BONDS

- occur when electron pairs are

unequally shared
 NON-POLAR COVALENT
BONDS

- occur when electron pairs are

shared equally or the difference in
electronegativity between atom is
less than 0.5
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Solubility,
Miscibility • Refers to the
General
and Polarity Rule : “
like
substances
dissolves being able to
like” or “ mix due to
like their same
mixes
with like” polarity
 Intramolecular and Intermolecular
Forces
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 Intramolecular Forces - The forces between atoms or ions

inside a compound such as covalent and ionic bonding
(determines the stability of a compound)
- many times stronger than intermolecular
forces.

 Intermolecular Forces - The forces between individual

particles. (determines the phase a compound is in at room
temperature)

 Generally much weaker than the covalent bond

 Determine bulk properties, such as the melting points of solids

and the boiling points of liquids

 Are electrostatic in nature and includes van der Waals forces

and Hydrogen bonds
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4 Main Types
of
Intermolecular Ion-ion Dipole-dipole
Forces Interaction Interaction

Dispersion
Forces or
Hydrogen London
Bonding Forces ( in
honor of Fritz
London)
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Ion-ion
Interaction Exists between oppositely charged ions.

It occurs between ionic compounds

Most ion-ion interaction is strong and compounds

which have high melting and boiling points

The strength of ion-ion interaction is inversely

proportional to the square of distance between ions.

Strongest intermolecular force

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Dipole- Occurs between polar molecules. This

is due to the partial positive pole and
dipole the partial negative pole of the
Interaction molecule

Average dipole-dipole interaction is

relatively weak, around 4kJ/mol

Inversely proportional to distance

raised to the fourth power (d4)
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Dipole-
Dipole Dipole-dipole forces are forces that act
Forces between polar molecules.

For solid and liquid polar molecules, the

molecules align themselves in such a way to
maximize the dipole-dipole forces between the
electropositive and electronegative centers

Gases, the dipole-dipole forces are relatively

weak especially at low pressure when the gas
molecules are far apart.
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HYDROGEN
BONDING A very strong dipole-dipole
interaction

occurs in polar molecules

containing H and any one of
the highly electronegative
elements, in particular F,O,and
N.
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HYDROGEN When hydrogen is bound to Fluorine,

BONDING Oxygen,or Nitrogen the bond produces
a very strong dipole force. This is
because the bond dipole results from
the small, very electropositive hydrogen
and highly electronegative F,O, or N.

The small size of these 3 elements

makes it possible for their lone pairs to
be close to hydrogen
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DISPERSION
FORCES OR present in all molecules
LONDON
FORCES
The only force present in nonpolar
molecules

It formed due to the attraction between

the positively charged nucleus of an
atom with the negatively charged
electron cloud of a nearby atom.
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DISPERSION All molecules exert force on each other. This is

called dispersion force.
FORCES
Weakest type of intermolecular force

When two nonpolar molecules approach each other,

an instantaneous dipole moment
forms( nonsymmetrical electron distribution)

The strength of the dispersion force is dependent on

polarizability. The more electrons an atom has, the
more polarizable it is.

Dispersion forces increase with increasing molar

mass or size.
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QUIZ
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Formation of
meniscus
 Water : adhesive forces
are greater than cohesive
forces

 Mercury: Cohesive are

greater than adhesive
forces.
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Properties of
Substances in Relation
to Intermolecular Forces

1. Surface tension

2. Capillarity

3. Viscosity
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Properties of
Liquids
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SURFACE
TENSION
 A measure of the inward forces
that must be overcome in order to
expand the surface area of a liquid
and resist and external force.

 The greater the forces of attraction

between molecules (IMF) of the
liquid, the greater the surface tension.
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COHESIVE
FORCES
 Intermolecular forces
that bind like
molecules to one
another (e.g.
hydrogen bonding).
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Convex Meniscus Formed by Nonpolar
Liquid Mercury

 Which force dominates alongside the glass

tube – cohesive or adhesive forces?

cohesive forces

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 31

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Intermolecular forces
that bind a substance
to a surface.
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ADHESIVE
FORCES
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Concave Meniscus Formed by Polar Water

 Which force dominates

alongside the glass tube –
cohesive or adhesive
forces?
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Surface Tension
Surface tension of a liquid decreases
with increasing temperature.

The stronger the intermolecular forces

the stronger the surface tension.
Water has a high surface
tension due to hydrogen
bonding.
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CAPILLARY ACTION

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Another way surface

tension manifests.

The rise of liquids up

very narrow tubes. This
is limited by adhesive
and cohesive forces.
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Formation of
meniscus
 Water : adhesive
forces are greater
than cohesive forces

 Mercury: Cohesive
are greater than
adhesive forces.
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 The resistance of a liquid to flow. VISCOSITY

 The less “tangled” a molecule is expected to be, the less

viscous it is.

syrup = high
Viscosity Water = less
Larger Viscosity
molecules
stronger IM
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 Viscosity decreases with increasing
temperature (molecules gain kinetic
energy and can more easily
overcome forces of attraction).

 Viscosity Increases as pressure

increases.

 Liquids with strong IMF have a

higher viscosity.
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ADVANCED MATERIALS & THEIR
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY

 SMART FLUIDS & ORGANOCERAMICS

- used in prosthesis

 LIQUID CRYSTALS

- electronic devices

 POLYMER

-used for construction

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ADVANCED MATERIALS &
THEIR STRUCTURE AND
PROPERTY

MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL
FLUID ( IMF )

- composed of iron-
containing compound suspended
in synthetic oil. Its viscosity is
altered when exposed to magnetic
field

- the viscosity is directly

proportional to the strength of the
magnetic field used.
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PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES BASED
ON STRUCTURE
 The FOUR Classes of Large Biomolecules

• All living things are made up of four classes of

large biological molecules:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Protein
• Nucleic Acids

• Macromolecules are large molecules composed

of thousands of covalently bonded atoms

• Molecular structure and function are inseparable

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 The FOUR Classes of Large Biomolecules

• Macromolecules are polymers, built

from monomers
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many
similar building blocks
• These small building-block molecules are called
monomers
• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are
polymers
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Nucleic acids
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The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

• A dehydration reaction
occurs when two monomers
bond together through the
loss of a water molecule
• Polymers are disassembled
to monomers by hydrolysis,
a reaction that is essentially
the reverse of the
dehydration reaction

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Dehydration Synthesis

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Hydrolysis

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 The Diversity of Polymers

• Each cell has thousands of different

macromolecules

• Macromolecules vary among cells of an

organism, vary more within a species, and vary
even more between species

• An immense variety of polymers can be built

from a small set of monomers

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 Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel
& Building Material

• Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers

of sugars

• The simplest carbohydrates are

monosaccharides, or single sugars

• Carbohydrate macromolecules are

polysaccharides, polymers composed of many
sugar building blocks

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 Sugars: Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides have molecular
formulas that are usually multiples of
CH2O

• Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most

common monosaccharide

• Monosaccharides are classified by

– The location of the carbonyl group
– The number of carbons in the
carbon skeleton
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 Sugars: Disaccharides
• A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration
reaction joins two monosaccharides

• This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage

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Synthesizing Maltose & Sucrose

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 Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides, the
polymers of sugars,
have storage and
structural roles

• The structure and

function of a
polysaccharide are
determined by its
sugar monomers and
the positions of
glycosidic linkages
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 Types of Polysaccharides: Storage

• Starch, a storage
polysaccharide of plants,
consists entirely of glucose
monomers
• Plants store surplus starch as
granules within chloroplasts
and other plastids
• The simplest form of starch is
amylose

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 Types of Polysaccharides: Storage

• Glycogen is a storage
polysaccharide in animals
• Humans and other vertebrates
store glycogen mainly in liver
and muscle cells

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 Types of Polysaccharides: Structural

• The polysaccharide cellulose is a major

component of the tough wall of plant cells

• Like starch, cellulose is a polymer of glucose,

but the glycosidic linkages differ

• The difference is based on two ring forms for

glucose: alpha () and beta ()

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Cellulose: A termite’s best friend!

Note the
H-bonds

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Such Elegance!

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 Polysaccharide
Random Acts of Biology
• Cellulose in human food passes through the
digestive tract as insoluble fiber
• Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose
• Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have
symbiotic relationships with these microbes

• Chitin, another structural polysaccharide, is found

in the exoskeleton of arthropods (crunch!)

• Chitin also provides structural support for the cell

walls of many fungi
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Who knew?

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 Lipids Are Hydrophobic
Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic
molecules
• Lipids are the one class of large biological
molecules that do not form polymers
• The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no
affinity for water (water fearing)
• Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist
mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar
covalent bonds
• The most biologically important lipids are fats,
phospholipids, and steroids
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 Fats: Start with a Simple Little
Glycerol Molecule

• Fats are constructed from two

types of smaller molecules:
glycerol and fatty acids
• Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol
with a hydroxyl group attached to
each carbon
• A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl
group attached to a long carbon
skeleton

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 Dehydration Rxn 1: Add a Fatty Acid

• Next, add a “fatty acid” through a dehydration

synthesis reaction
• What makes it an acid? The C double bond O,
single bond OH!

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 Dehydration Rxn 2!!

• Next, add a SECOND “fatty acid” through a

dehydration synthesis reaction
 Dehydration Reaction THREE!!!

• The joining
of the C of
the fatty acid
to the O of
the hydroxyl
group of the
glycerol is
called an
ester
linkage.

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 Fats Are Insoluble In
Aqueous Environments

• Fats separate from water because water

molecules form hydrogen bonds with each
other and exclude the fats

• In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol

by an ester linkage, creating a
triacylglycerol, or triglyceride

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 Saturated or Unsaturated?
• Fats made from
saturated fatty acids
are called saturated
fats, and are solid at
room temperature
• Most animal fats are
saturated (lard)
• Saturated fatty acids
have the maximum
number of hydrogen
atoms possible and no
double bonds
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 Saturated or Unsaturated?
• A diet rich in saturated
fats may contribute to
cardiovascular disease
through plaque deposits

• Hydrogenation is the
process of converting
unsaturated fats to
saturated fats by adding
hydrogen

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 What’s a Trans fat?

• Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates

unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
• These trans fats may contribute more than
saturated fats to cardiovascular disease

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 Saturated or Unsaturated?

• Certain unsaturated fatty acids are not

synthesized in the human body
• These must be supplied in the diet
• These essential fatty acids include the omega-3
fatty acids, required for normal growth, and
thought to provide protection against
cardiovascular disease

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 Fats: Major function is storage!

• The major function of fats is

energy storage
• Humans and other mammals
store their fat in adipose cells
• Adipose tissue also cushions
vital organs and insulates the
body

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 Phospholipids
• When phospholipids are
added to water, they self-
assemble into a bilayer,
with the hydrophobic tails
pointing toward the interior
• The structure of
phospholipids results in a
bilayer arrangement found
in cell membranes
• Phospholipids are the
major component of all cell
membranes
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 A Single Phospholipid Molecule
Choline

Hydrophilic head Phosphate

Glycerol
Hydrophobic tails

Fatty acids

Hydrophilic
head

Hydrophobic
tails

(a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model (c) Phospholipid symbol

 Steroids
• Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings
• Cholesterol, an important steroid, is a component
in animal cell membranes
• Although cholesterol is essential in animals, high
levels in the blood may contribute to
cardiovascular disease

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THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

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