Scribd
Upload
17 views

I2ml Chap1 v1 1

Uploaded by

Divya Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

I2ml Chap1 v1 1

Uploaded by

Divya Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

MACHINE

LEARNING

DIVYA
Research Scholar
Department of Statistics
Institute of Social Sciences
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University
Agra
WHY “LEARN” ?

• Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a


performance criterion using data or past experience.
• There is no need to “learn” to calculate payroll
• Learning is used when:
• Human expertise does not exist (navigating on Mars),
• Humans are unable to explain their expertise (speech recognition)
• Solution changes in time (routing on a computer network)
• Solution needs to be adapted to particular cases (user biometrics)
3

WHAT WE TALK ABOUT


WHEN WE TALK
ABOUT“LEARNİNG”
• Learning general models from a data of particular examples
• Data is cheap and abundant (data warehouses, data marts);
knowledge is expensive and scarce.
• Example in retail: Customer transactions to consumer behavior:
People who bought “Da Vinci Code” also bought “The Five People
You Meet in Heaven” (www.amazon.com)
• Build a model that is a good and useful approximation to the data.
4

WHAT İS MACHİNE
LEARNİNG?
• Optimize a performance criterion using example data or past
experience.
• Role of Statistics: Inference from a sample
• Role of Computer science: Efficient algorithms to
• Solve the optimization problem
• Representing and evaluating the model for inference
APPLİCATİONS
• Supervised Learning
• Classification
• Regression
• Unsupervised Learning
• Reinforcement Learning
SUPERVISED V/S UNSUPERVISED MACHINE
LEARNING
Parameters Supervised machine learning Unsupervised machine learning
Algorithms are used against data that is not
Input Data Algorithms are trained using labeled data.
labeled
Computational Complexity Simpler method Computationally complex
Accuracy Highly accurate Less accurate
No. of classes No. of classes is known No. of classes is not known
Data Analysis Uses offline analysis Uses real-time analysis of data

Linear and Logistics regression, Random forest,


K-Means clustering, Hierarchical
Algorithms used multi-class classification, decision tree, Support
clustering, KNN, Apriori algorithm, etc.
Vector Machine, Neural Network, etc.

Output Desired output is given. Desired output is not given.


Training data Use training data to infer model. No training data is used.

It is not possible to learn larger and more It is possible to learn larger and more complex
Complex model
complex models than with supervised learning. models with unsupervised learning.

Model We can test our model. We can not test our model.

Called as Supervised learning is also called classification. Unsupervised learning is also called clustering.

Example Example: Optical character recognition. Example: Find a face in an image.

supervised learning needs supervision to train Unsupervised learning does not need any
Supervision
the model. supervision to train the model.
SUPERVISED MACHINE
LEARNING
• Supervised learning is when we teach or train the machine using
data that is well-labelled. Which means some data is already
tagged with the correct answer.
• After that, the machine is provided with a new set of
examples(data) so that the supervised learning algorithm analyses
the training data(set of training examples) and produces a correct
outcome from labeled data.
• Supervised learning is often used for tasks such as classification,
regression, and object detection.
For Example, A Labeled Dataset Of Images Of Elephant, Camel And Cow Would
Have Each Image Tagged With Either “Elephant” , “Camel”or “Cow.”
CLASSİFİCATİON:
APPLİCATİONS
• Pattern recognition
• Face recognition: Pose, lighting, occlusion (glasses, beard), make-
up, hair style
• Character recognition: Different handwriting styles.
• Speech recognition: Temporal dependency.
• Use of a dictionary or the syntax of the language.
• Sensor fusion: Combine multiple modalities; eg, visual (lip image)
and acoustic for speech
• Medical diagnosis: From symptoms to illnesses or diseases
REGRESSİON
• Example: Price of a used car
• x : car attributes
y : price y = wx+w0
y = g (x | θ)
g ( ) model,
θ parameters

10
11

REGRESSİON
APPLİCATİONS
• Navigating a car: Angle of the steering wheel (CMU NavLab)
• Kinematics of a robot arm

(x,y) α1= g1(x,y)


α2= g2(x,y)
α2

α1

 Response surface design


Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
12

SUPERVİSED LEARNİNG: USES

• Prediction of future cases: Use the rule to predict the output for
future inputs
• Knowledge extraction: The rule is easy to understand
• Compression: The rule is simpler than the data it explains
• Outlier detection: Exceptions that are not covered by the rule, e.g.,
fraud
UNSUPERVISED MACHINE
13

LEARNING
• Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning that learns
from unlabeled data. This means that the data does not have any
pre-existing labels or categories. The goal of unsupervised learning
is to discover patterns and relationships in the data without any
explicit guidance.
• Unsupervised learning is the training of a machine using
information that is neither classified nor labeled and allowing the
algorithm to act on that information without guidance.
• Here the task of the machine is to group unsorted information
according to similarities, patterns, and differences without any
prior training of data.

Lecture Notes for E Alpaydın 2004 Introduction to Machine Learning © The MIT Press (V1.1)
You can use unsupervised learning to examine the animal data that has been
gathered and distinguish between several groups according to the traits and actions
of the animals. These groupings might correspond to various animal species,
providing you to categorize the creatures without depending on labels that already
exist.

You might also like